Table 1 Constructs and corresponding items in the research

Social emotion (SE)

SE1

It is important to be protected against COVID-19 at all times

SE2

The real-time push of COVID-19 information makes me pay attention

Risk perception (RP)

RP1

I think I may be likely to get infected with COVID-19

RP2

I think I may be more susceptible to COVID-19

RP3

I think someone around me may be infected with COVID-19

Protective behavioral intention (PBI)

PBI1

I would like/continue to take precautions against COVID-19

PBI2

I will implement COVID-19 preventive actions more frequently in the future

PBI3

I would try more effective measures to prevent COVID-19

Protective behavior (PB)

PB1

Wash my hands regularly and maintain hand hygiene

PB2

Cover myself when I cough or sneeze

PB3

Wear masks correctly in confined spaces/crowded areas

PB4

Clean/disinfect frequently touched surfaces such as door handles, railings

Government trust (GT)

GT1

I think the government has provided real information about COVID-19

GT2

I think the government has provided adequate information about COVID-19 protection

GT3

I think the government responded quickly to COVID-19