Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population by CES-D 10

From: Depressive symptoms in individuals with family members requiring ADL assistance

Variables

Men

Women

Subjects

CES-D 10

Subjects

CES-D 10

N

%

Mean ± S.D

P value

N

%

Mean ± S.D

P value

Caregiving Status of family members requiring ADL assistance

    

0.2293

    

0.0129

 Yes, by others*

170

4.5

2.17

1.98

 

222

5.1

2.81

2.45

 

 Yes, by myself

84

2.2

2.77

2.46

 

124

2.8

3.57

2.63

 

 No family members requiring ADL assistance

3490

93.2

2.28

2.18

 

4040

92.1

2.73

2.43

 

Age

    

0.0064

    

< 0.0001

 45–54

1280

34.2

1.91

1.87

 

1530

34.9

2.07

1.97

 

 55–64

1084

29.0

2.04

2.01

 

1226

28.0

2.55

2.39

 

 65–74

994

26.6

2.65

2.38

 

1023

23.3

3.36

2.54

 

 ≥ 75

386

10.3

3.28

2.58

 

607

13.8

3.91

2.78

 

Education level

    

0.0105

    

0.0643

 Elementary school or less

1134

30.3

2.91

2.48

 

2414

55.0

3.29

2.65

 

 Middle school

644

17.2

2.30

2.24

 

740

16.9

2.40

2.11

 

 High school

1316

35.2

2.02

1.94

 

1011

23.1

2.00

1.93

 

 University or beyond

650

17.4

1.73

1.69

 

221

5.0

1.69

1.65

 

Region

    

0.6862

    

0.7522

 Metropolitan

1666

44.5

2.21

2.10

 

2010

45.8

2.66

2.41

 

 Rural

2078

55.5

2.34

2.24

 

2376

54.2

2.84

2.47

 

Working Status

    

< 0.0001

    

0.1976

 Working

2302

61.5

1.93

1.88

 

1154

26.3

2.35

2.22

 

 Non-working

1442

38.5

2.85

2.48

 

3232

73.7

2.90

2.50

 

Equalized household income

    

0.0653

    

< 0.0001

 Low

806

21.5

2.86

2.46

 

1228

28.0

3.45

2.66

 

 Mid-low

907

24.2

2.51

2.33

 

1124

25.6

2.95

2.52

 

 Mid-high

1207

32.2

2.17

2.08

 

1245

28.4

2.34

2.16

 

 High

824

22.0

1.65

1.62

 

789

18.0

2.06

2.05

 

Perceive health status

    

< 0.0001

    

< 0.0001

 Healthy

2187

58.4

1.80

1.72

 

2003

45.7

1.95

1.84

 

 Average

940

25.1

2.46

2.22

 

1291

29.4

2.77

2.35

 

 Unhealthy

617

16.5

3.75

2.79

 

1092

24.9

4.24

2.79

 

Regular physical activities

    

< 0.0001

    

< 0.0001

 Yes

1600

42.7

1.95

1.94

 

1566

35.7

2.26

2.13

 

 No

2144

57.3

2.54

2.31

 

2820

64.3

3.03

2.56

 

Participation in social activities

    

< 0.0001

    

0.0061

 Yes

882

23.6

2.91

2.63

 

1233

28.1

3.27

2.73

 

 No

2862

76.4

2.10

1.98

 

3153

71.9

2.56

2.29

 

Smoking

    

0.2481

    

0.0028

 Ever

2296

61.3

2.34

2.22

 

136

3.1

3.94

3.09

 

 Never

1448

38.7

2.20

2.11

 

4250

96.9

2.72

2.41

 

Alcohol intake

    

0.2677

    

0.4269

 Yes

2425

64.8

2.14

2.06

 

806

18.4

2.58

2.37

 

 No

1319

35.2

2.54

2.35

 

3580

81.6

2.80

2.46

 

Number of chronic diseases

    

0.7316

    

0.0447

 None

2183

58.3

2.03

1.97

 

2333

53.2

2.31

2.18

 

 1

1039

27.8

2.50

2.30

 

1269

28.9

2.96

2.52

 

 ≥ 2

522

13.9

2.93

2.53

 

784

17.9

3.75

2.69

 

Number of cohabiting generations

    

0.6453

    

0.4660

 Couple

1598

42.7

2.50

2.30

 

1919

43.8

2.96

2.50

 

 Two generations

1784

47.7

2.06

2.01

 

1926

43.9

2.47

2.29

 

 Over two generations

362

9.7

2.44

2.31

 

541

12.3

3.07

2.62

 

Total

3744

100

2.29

2.18

 

4386

100

2.76

2.44

 
  1. Other caregivers include other family members acting as informal caregivers as well as formal/professional individuals
Back to article page

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

ISSN: 1347-4715

Contact us