Table 6 Epidemiology and in vivo toxicities of PFOA and PFOS

PFOA

 Carcinogenicity

Prostate cancer mortality [11]

Liver tumors, pancreatic acinar cell tumors, Leydig cell tumors [79]

 Hepatotoxicities

Slight increases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, gamma glutamyl aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase [77]

Hepatomegaly accompanied by mitochondrial proliferation, no peroxisome proliferation [85]

Peroxisome proliferation, increased hepatocyte hypertrophy, increased labeling index [83]

 Developmental toxicities

Decreased birth weight [8, 10]

Early pregnancy loss, increased neonatal mortality, delayed eye opening, growth deficits, altered pubertal maturation [87, 91]

 Behavioral and neurotoxicities

Decreases in food consumption and body weight [85]

Decreased food intake, reduced habituation and hyperactivity, hypoactive response to nicotine [94, 96]

 Other

Higher prevalence of angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic bronchitis, shortness of breath on stairs, asthma [78]

PFOS

 Carcinogenicity

Bladder cancer mortality [9]

Hepatocellular adenoma, thyroid follicular cell adenoma [80]

 Hepatotoxicities

Possible increase in cholesterol, decrease in high-density cholesterol, initial decrease and subsequent increase in total bilirubin [76]

Decreased body weights, increased liver weights, lowered serum total cholesterol levels, lowered estradiol levels, no peroxisome proliferation [86]

Peroxisome proliferation, mild increase in hepatic palmitoyl CoA oxidase [80]

 Developmental toxicities

Decreased birth weight, ponderal index, and head circumference [10]

Increased relative liver weight of pups, delayed eye opening, neonatal death due to intracranial blood vessel dilatation and lung atelectasis, decreased natural killer cell function in male pups [88–90]

 Behavioral and neurotoxicities

Decreases in food consumption [86]

Decreased food intake [95], reduced habituation and hyperactivity, hypoactive response to nicotine [96]