Table 2 Participant characteristics according to the presence or absence of self-reported LBP, by gender

Age: 65 years or older

n (%)

7184 (25.9)

1618 (44.1)

< 0.001

8894 (28.9)

2342 (45.9)

< 0.001

Marital status: married

n (%)

19,673 (70.8)

2860 (77.9)

< 0.001

20,362 (66.2)

3196 (62.7)

< 0.001

Family size: one (i.e., living alone)

n (%)

3314 (11.9)

424 (11.6)

0.515

3306 (10.7)

773 (15.2)

< 0.001

Housing tenure: renters

n (%)

7498 (27.0)

936 (25.5)

0.057

7870 (25.6)

1345 (26.4)

0.233

Household expenditures^b

mean ± SD

14.78 ± 8.04

14.76 ± 7.94

0.882

14.46 ± 7.88

14.78 ± 8.06

0.008

Education: < 10 years of schooling

n (%)

3476 (12.5)

703 (19.2)

< 0.001

4170 (13.6)

1149 (22.5)

< 0.001

Alcohol intake: > 4 days a week

n (%)

10,245 (36.9)

1466 (39.9)

< 0.001

3379 (11.0)

545 (10.7)

0.529

Smoking status: current smokers

n (%)

9499 (34.2)

1178 (32.1)

0.012

3142 (10.2)

610 (12.0)

< 0.001

Sleep duration: < 6 hours a day

n (%)

9351 (33.7)

1381 (37.6)

< 0.001

11,513 (37.4)

2355 (46.2)

< 0.001

Chronic medical conditions: present^c

n (%)

5598 (20.2)

1307 (35.6)

< 0.001

5052 (16.4)

1480 (29.0)

< 0.001

Work status: non-working

n (%)

6776 (24.4)

1428 (38.9)

< 0.001

14,909 (48.5)

2960 (58.0)

< 0.001