Table 3 Urinary metal concentrations of all study participants and by country

Unadjusted (μg/L)

 Arsenic

56.2 (2.87)

85.0 (2.54)

53.1 (2.16)

26.2 (2.09)

107 (2.64)

 Cadmium

0.612 (3.02)

0.786 (2.78)

0.507 (2.56)

0.387 (2.66)

0.942 (3.19)

 Lead

1.44 (3.61)

2.80 (2.99)

0.840 (3.72)

1.07 (3.05)

1.29 (4.08)

 Selenium

11.0 (2.51)

9.73 (2.13)

18.1 (2.26)

7.23 (2.45)

19.0 (2.23)

Creatinine-adjusted (μg/g creatinine)

 Arsenic^a

84.6 (2.52)

134 (2.35)^α

47.7 (1.85)^β

49.5 (2.01)^β

133 (2.33)^α

 Cadmium^a

0.885 (2.84)

1.22 (2.73)^α

0.436 (2.04)^γ

0.684 (2.75)^β

1.15 (2.75)^α

 Lead^a

2.09 (3.63)

4.41 (3.23)^α

0.698 (2.89)^δ

1.95 (2.97)^β

1.49 (3.67)^γ

 Selenium^a

16.5 (1.64)

15.3 (1.55)^β

16.3 (1.37)^β

13.7 (1.50)^γ

23.7 (1.71)^α