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Table 1 Characteristics of the target communities in this study

From: Associations between urinary heavy metal concentrations and blood pressure in residents of Asian countries

Country

Community

n (male, female)

Location

Main occupation

Bangladesh (n = 549)

BV

107 (51, 56)

Urban

Tertiary industry

BJ

71 (39, 32)

Peri-urban

Farming (rice, vegetables, beans, and jute)

BZ

60 (30, 30)

Peri-urban

Farming (rice, vegetables, and mango)

BS

95 (42, 53)

Rural

Farming (rice, vegetables, and jute)

BT

107 (57, 50)

Rural

Farming (rice, vegetables, and jute) and migrant labor

BC

109 (42, 67)

Rural

Wage labor

Indonesia (n = 186)

P

100 (50, 50)

Rural

Farming (rice)

S

86 (46, 40)

Urban

Various occupations

(e.g., farming, construction industry, etc.)

Nepal (n = 700)

NC

169 (65, 104)

Rural

Farming (rice and vegetables) and commerce, wage labor, and migrant labor

NP

123 (54, 69)

Rural

Migrant labor and farming (rice, mustard, and dairy)

NW

161 (70, 91)

Urban

Commerce and wage labor

NI

128 (59, 69)

Rural

Cash-crop farming (tea, cardamon, and broom grass)

NK

119 (55, 64)

Peri-urban

Migrant labor, business, and farming (rice and mustard)

Vietnam (n = 496)

VC

134 (66, 68)

Rural

Cash-crop farming (coffee)

VP

136 (53, 83)

Rural

Farming (rice and corn)

VA

114 (58, 56)

Urban

Retail business and recycling industry

VT

112 (53, 59)

Rural

Rice, shrimp, and dairy farming

  1. n, number of participants