Relationship between maternal employment status and children’s food intake in Japan

Table 4 Association of lifestyle factors with children’s BMI (n=1693)

Variable	Category (reference)	Crude	Adjusted
Variable	Category (reference)	β 95%CI	β 95%CI
Maternal employment status	Working <8h (vs not working)	0.05 [−0.3, 0.4]	0.06 [−0.3, 0.4]
Maternal employment status	Working ≥8h (vs not working)	0.62 [0.2, 1.0] *	0.62 [ 0.2, 1.0] *
Covariates for the child
Sex	Girl (vs boy)		−0.24 [−0.5, 0.0]
Grade	6th (vs 5th)		0.73 [0.5, 1.0] *
Nutrition knowledge^a	Every 10% increase		−0.01 [−0.1, 0.1]
Attitude toward diet^b	Adequate (vs inadequate)		0.19 [−0.1, 0.5]
Covariates for the mother
Nutrition knowledge^a	Every 10% increase		−0.05 [−0.1, 0.0]
Attitude toward diet^b	Adequate (vs inadequate)		0.17 [−0.1, 0.4]
BMI	kg/m²		0.24 [0.2, 0.3] *
Sleeping hours (weekdays)	Hours		0.09 [0.0, 0.2] *
Family environment
Cohabitation with husband (child’s father)	Yes (vs no)		−0.20 [−0.6, 0.3]
Cohabitation with mother (child’s grandmother)	Yes (vs no)		−0.08 [−0.5, 0.3]
Socioeconomic status	Average (vs straitened)		−0.20 [−0.5, 0.1]
Socioeconomic status	Affluent (vs straitened)		−0.60 [−1.1, −0.1] *
Frequency of eating out	≥ Once a month (vs < once a month)		−0.14 [−0.3, 0.0]
Frequency of communication about diet (child:C, mother:M)	C:low-M:high (vs C:low-M:low)		0.11 [−0.3, 0.5]
	C:high-M:low (vs C:low-M:low)		0.19 [−0.3, 0.7]
	C:high-M:high (vs C:low-M:low)		0.10 [−0.3, 0.5]

BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval
^a“Nutrition knowledge” is the percentage of correct answers to the nutrition knowledge questionnaire
^bAttitude toward diet was divided into adequate and inadequate based on responses to the questionnaire
^*P < 0.05

ISSN: 1347-4715