Table 3 Association of lifestyle factors with children’s food intake (n=1693)
From: Relationship between maternal employment status and children’s food intake in Japan
Variable | Category (reference) | Children’s food intake (g/1000kcal) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White rice | Soybean products | Vegetables | Confectioneries | Sweetened beverage | ||
β 95%CI | β 95%CI | β 95%CI | β 95%CI | β 95%CI | ||
Maternal employment status | Working <8h (vs not working) | 1.9 [−7.9, 11.8] | −0.4 [−2.4, 1.7] | −4.1 [−11.1, 2.9] | −2.7 [−6.1, 0.7] | −0.9 [−10.5, 8.7] |
Working ≥8h (vs not working) | 11.4 [1.0, 21.9] * | −1.4 [−3.5, 0.8] | −3.5 [−10.9, 3.9] | −4.0 [−7.6, −0.4] * | −0.8 [−10.9, 9.4] | |
Covariates for the child | ||||||
Sex | Girl (vs boy) | −26.3 [−33.4, −19.2] * | 1.6 [ 0.1, 3.1] * | 11.4 [ 6.4, 16.4] * | 6.7 [ 4.2, 9.1] * | −2.2 [−9.1, 4.7] |
Grade | 6th (vs 5th) | −1.3 [−8.5, 5.9] | −0.2 [−1.7, 1.3] | 2.9 [−2.2, 8.0] | −1.5 [−3.9, 1.0] | 8.9 [2.0, 15.9] * |
Nutrition knowledgea | Every 10% increase | −1.5 [−4.5, 1.5] | 1.0 [ 0.4, 1.7] * | 3.2 [1.0, 5.3] * | −1.6 [−2.7, −0.6] * | −4.1 [−7.0, −1.2] * |
Attitude toward dietb | Adequate (vs inadequate) | 2.5 [−4.9, 10.0] | −0.1 [−1.6, 1.5] | 13.4 [8.1, 18.6] * | −2.5 [−5.1, 0.0] | −10.9 [−18.1, −3.6] * |
Covariates for the mother | ||||||
Nutrition knowledgea | Every 10% increase | 1.9 [−0.7, 4.4] | 0.0 [−0.5, 0.5] | 0.9 [−0.9, 2.7] | −0.8 [−1.7, 0.0] | −1.1 [−3.6, 1.4] |
Attitude toward dietb | Adequate (vs inadequate) | −0.9 [−8.3, 6.4] | 0.5 [−1.1, 2.0] | 3.9 [−1.4, 9.1] | −1.2 [−3.7, 1.3] | −0.4 [−7.6, 6.8] |
Corresponding food intakec | g/1000kcal | 0.2 [0.2, 0.3] * | 0.2 [0.2, 0.3] * | 0.3 [0.2, 0.3] * | 0.3 [ 0.2, 0.3] * | 0.2 [0.2, 0.3] * |
Sleeping hours (weekdays) | Hours | 1.1 [−2.3, 4.6] | 0.2 [−0.5, 0.9] | 1.1 [−1.4, 3.5] | −0.6 [−1.8, 0.6] | −0.7 [−4.1, 2.6] |
Family environment | ||||||
Cohabitation with husband (child’s father) | Yes (vs no) | −1.5 [−13.3, 10.3] | 0.2 [−2.3, 2.6] | 13.2 [4.9, 21.6] * | −0.6 [−4.6, 3.5] | −17.8 [−29.3, −6.3] * |
Cohabitation with mother (child’s grandmother) | Yes (vs no) | 0.8 [−9.9, 11.6] | −2.2 [−4.4, 0.0] | 5.6 [−2.0, 13.2] | 3.2 [−0.5, 6.8] | 3.5 [−6.9, 13.9] |
Socioeconomic status | Average (vs straitened) | 3.8 [−4.3, 11.9] | 0.9 [−0.8, 2.6] | 4.8 [−1.0, 10.5] | 1.4 [−1.4, 4.2] | −3.7 [−11.7, 4.2] |
Affluent (vs straitened) | 24.3 [12.0, 36.6] * | −0.9 [−3.5, 1.6] | −7.7 [−16.4, 1.0] | 3.4 [−0.8, 7.7] | −11.9 [−23.9, 0.1] | |
Frequency of eating out | ≥ once a month (vs < once a month) | −3.8 [−7.9, 0.2] | −0.1 [−0.9, 0.7] | −3.6 [−6.4, -0. 7] * | 2.6 [1.2, 4.0] * | 2.2 [−1.8, 6.1] |
Frequency of communication about diet (child: C, mother: M) | C:low-M:high (vs C:low-M:low) | 3.2 [−6.6, 13.1] | 0.1 [−1.9, 2.1] | −0.7 [−7.7, 6.3] | −0.1 [−3.5, 3.3] | −12.1 [−21.6, −2.5] * |
C:high-M:low (vs C:low-M:low) | 7.5 [−6.6, 21.7] | −0.9 [−3.9, 2.0] | −3.0 [−13.0, 7.0] | −1.0 [−5.9, 3.9] | −6.0 [−19.8, 7.7] | |
C:high-M:high (vs C:low-M:low) | 6.3 [−4.3, 17.0] | 0.8 [−1.4, 3.1] | 7.5 [−0.1, 15.1] | −2.9 [−6.5, 0.8] | −12.7 [−23.1, −2.3] * | |