Table 2 General characteristics of study participants according to urinary bisphenol A concentrations

Age (year)

47.60 ± 0.96

47.23 ± 0.93

47.08 ± 0.88

45.82 ± 0.74

0.135

Gender (%, men)

43.98 ± 1.87

45.03 ± 1.83

50.84 ± 2.24

56.02 ± 1.91

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.87 ± 0.14

24.17 ± 0.16

24.61 ± 0.19

24.73 ± 0.17

< 0.001

Drinking status (%)

0.056

 Never

17.13 ± 1.80

17.37 ± 1.73

14.72 ± 1.51

13.71 ± 1.46

 Former

11.64 ± 1.34

12.83 ± 1.59

10.27 ± 1.59

10.91 ± 1.38

 Current

71.21 ± 2.08

69.77 ± 2.11

75.00 ± 1.95

75.37 ± 1.98

Smoking status (%)

< 0.001

 Never

70.06 ± 1.71

65.52 ± 1.91

59.79 ± 2.53

58.71 ± 2.42

 Former

16.16 ± 1.51

18.49 ± 1.67

20.25 ± 1.80

18.24 ± 1.83

 Current

13.77 ± 1.76

15.97 ± 2.09

20.24 ± 1.82

23.03 ± 2.10

Physical activity (%)

0.099

 No

52.75 ± 2.34

54.60 ± 2.46

54.01 ± 2.34

60.38 ± 2.05

 Moderate

9.68 ± 1.42

6.44 ± 1.07

7.71 ± 1.19

5.79 ± 0.96

 Vigorous

37.56 ± 2.61

38.95 ± 2.42

38.27 ± 2.16

33.82 ± 2.15

0.943

 < 2 million Korean Won

28.53 ± 2.63

27.09 ± 2.42

25.90 ± 1.89

28.94 ± 2.66

 2-3 million Korean Won

19.55 ± 2.32

25.18 ± 2.14

22.59 ± 2.14

20.34 ± 1.97

 3-5 million Korean Won

30.38 ± 2.72

25.97 ± 2.53

30.14 ± 2.19

29.79 ± 2.72

 > 5 million Korean Won

21.52 ± 2.64

21.75 ± 2.34

21.35 ± 2.33

20.91 ± 2.14

Education (%)

0.996

 < High school

22.41 ± 2.26

20.30 ± 1.90

21.73 ± 1.92

20.25 ± 1.82

 High school

35.01 ± 2.13

38.62 ± 2.07

38.93 ± 2.64

38.25 ± 2.32

 College and more

42.56 ± 2.71

41.07 ± 2.21

39.33 ± 2.66

41.49 ± 2.53

Marital status (%)

0.797

 Single

21.02 ± 2.29

21.65 ± 2.18

20.27 ± 2.25

22.42 ± 2.14

 Married

71.13 ± 2.35

69.49 ± 2.39

71.26 ± 2.33

69.69 ± 2.23

 Divorced or separated

7.84 ± 1.16

8.85 ± 1.26

8.45 ± 1.32

7.87 ± 1.13

AST

25.57 ± 0.35

24.79 ± 0.32

25.90 ± 0.82

25.42 ± 0.45

0.048

ALT

24.70 ± 0.62

24.09 ± 0.67

25.91 ± 1.19

26.26 ± 0.72

0.729

γ-GTP

28.18 ± 1.25

28.49 ± 1.25

32.20 ± 1.88

32.57 ± 1.87

0.015

Comorbidity (%)

 Hypertension

16.78 ± 1.21

17.06 ± 1.62

17.29 ± 1.40

14.40 ± 1.54

0.257

 Diabetes mellitus

6.44 ± 0.98

4.65 ± 0.63

6.02 ± 1.13

7.39 ± 1.10

0.359

 Hyperlipidemia

27.92 ± 2.11

30.54 ± 2.00

31.41 ± 2.56

34.44 ± 2.12

0.025