Table 3 Multivariable associations of secondhand smoke concentrations with blood pressure from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2016

Total

0.43 (0.18, 0.67)

0.001

− 0.31 (− 0.51, − 0.12)

0.002

Sex

Male

0.16 (− 0.14, 0.47)

0.292

− 0.39 (− 0.66, − 0.12)

0.004

Female

0.68 (0.31, 1.05)

< 0.001

− 0.16 (− 0.44, 0.12)

0.261

Race

Mexican American

0.06 (− 0.47, 0.59)

0.826

− 0.64 (-1.07, − 0.21)

0.003

Other Hispanic

− 0.02 (− 0.84, 0.80)

0.970

− 0.45 (-1.08, 0.19)

0.169

Non-Hispanic white

0.38 (− 0.11, 0.87)

0.125

− 0.23 (− 0.16, 0.14)

0.224

Non-Hispanic black

0.54 (0.14, 0.95)

0.009

− 0.22 (− 0.56, 0.11)

0.195

Other race—including multiracial

0.62 (− 0.20, 1.43)

0.140

− 0.31 (− 0.98, 0.36)

0.359

BMI category

< 25

0.31 (− 0.02, 0.65)

0.065

− 0.31 (− 0.60, − 0.04)

0.026

25–30

0.74 (0.23, 1.25)

0.004

− 0.09 (− 0.50, 0.32)

0.467

≥ 30

0.23 (− 0.23, 0.69)

0.324

− 0.48 (− 0.84, − 0.12)

0.008

Family PIR

< 1

0.47 (0.03, 0.91)

0.036

− 0.09 (− 0.45, 0.27)

0.629

≥ 1

0.40 (0.11, 0.69)

0.007

− 0.39 (− 0.62, − 0.16)

0.001

Physical activity

None

0.42 (0.05, 0.78)

0.027

− 0.38 (− 0.67, − 0.09)

0.009

Moderate

0.63 (0.04, 1.23)

0.037

0.11 (− 0.36, 0.57)

0.654

Vigorous

0.28 (− 0.07, 0.63)

0.118

− 0.44 (− 0.74, − 0.13)

0.005

Diabetes history

No

0.38 (0.14, 0.61)

0.002

− 0.34 (− 0.53, − 0.15)

0.001

Yes

1.63 (− 0.09, 3.36)

0.064

0.78 (− 0.47, 2.03)

0.220

Alcohol consumption

No

0.72 (0.06, 1.38)

0.032

− 0.14 (− 0.64, 0.35)

0.575

Yes

0.74 (0.31, 1.18)

0.001

− 0.19 (− 0.52, 0.15)

0.279

CVD history

No

0.80 (0.43, 1.18)

< 0.001

− 0.11 (− 0.40, 0.17)

0.437

Yes

0.63 (-1.18, 2.45)

0.493

− 0.82 (-2.04, 0.39)

0.182