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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by secondhand smoke exposure category from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2016

From: Associations of exposure to secondhand smoke with hypertension risk and blood pressure values in adults

 

Total (n = 26578)

Tertile 1 (n = 9038)

Tertile 2 (n = 8779)

Tertile 3 (n = 8761)

P value

Age (year)

42.8 ± 20.6

46.8 ± 20.3

44.4 ± 20.4

37.1 ± 19.9

< 0.001

Sex

    

< 0.001

Male

10789 (40.6%)

3220 (35.6%)

3628 (41.3%)

3941 (45.0%)

 

Female

15789 (59.4%)

5818 (64.4%)

5151 (58.7%)

4820 (55.0%)

 

Race

    

< 0.001

Mexican American

6012 (22.6%)

2280 (25.2%)

2117 (24.1%)

1615 (18.4%)

 

Other Hispanic

2392 (9.0%)

1009 (11.2%)

761 (8.7%)

622 (7.1%)

 

Non-Hispanic white

9828 (37.0%)

3812 (42.2%)

3184 (36.3%)

2832 (32.3%)

 

Non-Hispanic black

5709 (21.5%)

1023 (11.3%)

1671 (19.0%)

3015 (34.4%)

 

Other race—including multiracial

2637 (9.9%)

914 (10.1%)

1046 (11.9%)

677 (7.8%)

 

BMI category (%)

    

< 0.001

< 25

9373 (35.3%)

3177 (35.2%)

3108 (35.4%)

3088 (35.3%)

 

25–30

8556 (32.1%)

2976 (32.9%)

2907 (33.1%)

2673 (30.5%)

 

≥ 30

8649 (32.6%)

2885 (31.9%)

2764 (31.5%)

3000 (34.2%)

 

Family PIR (%)

    

< 0.001

< 1

5003 (18.8%)

1287 (14.2%)

1464 (16.7%)

2252 (25.7%)

 

≥ 1

21575 (81.2%)

7751 (85.8%)

7315 (83.3%)

6509 (74.3%)

 

Physical activity

    

< 0.001

None

13672 (51.4%)

5033 (55.7%)

4492 (51.2%)

4147 (47.3%)

 

Moderate

6025 (22.7%)

2134 (23.6%)

2009 (22.9%)

1882 (21.5%)

 

Vigorous

6635 (25.0%)

1810 (20.0%)

2181 (24.8%)

2644 (30.2%)

 

Missing

246 (0.9%)

61 (0.7%)

97 (1.1%)

88 (1.0%)

 

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2)

98.2 ± 31.5

92.2 ± 27.6

98.3 ± 32.4

104.3 ± 33.2

< 0.001

Diabetes history

    

< 0.001

No

24025 (90.4%)

8054 (89.1%)

7924 (90.3%)

8047 (91.9%)

 

Yes

2548 (9.6%)

984 (10.9%)

853 (9.7%)

711 (8.1%)

 

Missing

5 (0.02%)

0 (0)

2 (0.02%)

3 (0.03%)

 

Alcohol consumption

    

< 0.001

No

8600 (32.3%)

3291 (36.4%)

3044 (34.7%)

2265 (25.8%)

 

Yes

11442 (43.1%)

4103 (45.4%)

3836 (43.7%)

3503 (40.0%)

 

Missing

6536 (24.6%)

1644 (18.2%)

1899 (21.6%)

2993 (34.2%)

 

CVD history

    

<0.001

No

19598 (73.7%)

7177 (79.4%)

6742 (76.8%)

5679 (64.8%)

 

Yes

1801 (6.8%)

658 (7.3%)

628 (7.1%)

515 (5.9%)

 

Missing

5179 (19.5%)

1203 (13.3%)

1409 (16.1%)

2567 (29.3%)

 

NHANES cycle

    

< 0.001

1999–2000

2561 (9.6%)

0 (0)

1346 (15.3%)

1215 (13.9%)

 

2001–2002

2830 (10.7%)

836 (9.3%)

832 (9.5%)

1162 (13.3%)

 

2003–2004

2669 (10.0%)

741 (8.2%)

788 (9.0%)

1140 (13.0%)

 

2005–2006

2709 (10.2%)

769 (8.5%)

914 (10.4%)

1026 (11.7%)

 

2007–2008

2983 (11.2%)

917 (10.2%)

1010 (11.5%)

1056 (12.1%)

 

2009–2010

3306 (12.4%)

1268 (14.0%)

1122 (12.8%)

916 (10.5%)

 

2011–2012

3042 (11.5%)

1232 (13.6%)

1043 (11.9%)

767 (8.8%)

 

2013–2014

3265 (12.3%)

1648 (18.2%)

864 (9.8%)

753 (8.5%)

 

2015–2016

3213 (12.1%)

1627 (18.0%)

860 (9.8%)

726 (8.2%)

 

Serum cotinine level (ng/mL)

0.2 ± 0.8

0.01 ± 0

0.03 ± 0.10

0.7 ± 1.3

< 0.001

Hypertension, cases (%)

7218 (27.2%)

2092 (23.9%)

2459 (28.0%)

2667 (29.5%)

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121.7 ± 18.9

120.6 ± 18.2

122.4 ± 19.6

122.2 ± 18.6

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

68.5 ± 13.0

68.5 ± 12.4

69.1 ± 13.2

68.5 ± 13.3

< 0.001

  1. Tertile 1, serum cotinine levels < 0.017 ng/mL. Tertile 2, serum cotinine levels 0.017–0.055 ng/mL. Tertile 3, serum cotinine levels ≥ 0.055 ng/mL
  2. BMI, body mass index; PIR, poverty-to-income ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

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