Table 5 Summary of cardiometabolic effects from in vivo models (13 studies)
Reference | Animal model | PM source | Dose | Route | Duration | Offspring effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weldy et al. [99] | C57BL/6J mice | Diesel exhaust PM2.5 | 300 μg/m3 | Inhalation | 3 weeks prior to mating; duration same through gestation (6 h/day, 5 days/week) | Increased susceptibility to cardiac hypertrophy, systolic failure, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary congestion |
Gorr et al. [64] | FVB mice | PM2.5 | 51.69 μg/m3 | Inhalation | GD0-PND21 (6 h/day, 7 days/week) | Reduced birth weight; reduced left ventricular fractional shortening; reduced ejection fraction; increased end-systolic volume; reduced dP/dt maximum; reduced peak shortening; slower calcium reuptake; reduced response to B-adrenergic stimulation; increased collagen deposition |
Wei et al. [54] | Sprague Dawley rats | Ambient air | 73.5 +/− 61.3 μg/m3 | Inhalation | 19 days (24 h/day) | Increased body weight; peribronchiolar and perivascular inflammation; increased systemic and oxidative stress; dyslipidemia; increased inflammatory status of epididymal fat |
Stephenson et al. [75] | C57BL/6J mice | Ultrafine PM MCP-230 | 50 μL | Oropharyngeal | GD10 and GD 17 (once/day) | Reduced skeletal muscle mtDNA copy number; lower mRNA levels of electron transport genes; reduced citrate synthase activity; upregulation of genes in reducing oxidative stress in muscle |
Tanwar et al. [65] | FVB mice | PM2.5 | 73.61 μg/m3 | Inhalation | Gestation (6 h/day, 7 days/week) | Reduced fractional shortening; increased left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters; reduced ventricular posterior wall thickness; end-systolic elastance; contractile reverse; increased collagen deposition; increases in cardiac IL-6, IL-1B, collagen-1, MMP9, and MMP13 gene expression |
Goodson et al. [124] | C57BL/6J mice | Diesel exhaust | 300 μg/m3 | Inhalation | Gestation (6 h/day, 5 days/week) | Dysregulated gene expression of Mir133a-2, Ptprf, Pamr1; promoter of Mir133a-2 differentially methylated |
Harrigan et al. [100] | C57Bl/6 (ApoE−/−) mice | Diesel exhaust particles PM2.5 | 250-300 μg/m3 | Inhalation | Gestation (6 h/day, 5 days/week) | Smaller litter and increased postnatal mortality; no significant differences in plasma lipids or lipoprotein profiles, expression of antioxidant genes or markers of oxidative stress between groups; no sig. differences in atherosclerotic lesion area |
Chen et al. [86] | C57BL/6J mice | Diesel exhaust particles PM2.5 | 160 μg/m3 | Intratracheal | 7-week preconception period, whole gestation, and lactational periods (3 times/week) | Impaired adult male offspring glucose tolerance; no influence in insulin sensitivity for adult male offspring; decreased insulin secretion; decrease in pancreatic islet and Beta cell sizes |
Ye et al. [125] | Sprague Dawley rats | PM2.5 | 1 mg/kg BW | Oropharyngeal | GD8, 10, 12 (once/day) | Increased blood pressure; impaired sodium excretion; reduced D1R-mediated natriuresis and diuresis; increased D1R and GRK4 expression |
Wu et al. [69] | Sprague Dawley rats | Ultrafine PM (10-20 nm diameter; ammonium sulfate particles) | 150 μg/m3 | Inhalation | GD0-GD18 | Increased stillbirths; reduced gestation length and birth weight; increased concentrations of glucose and free fatty acids in plasma; increased lipid accumulation in liver; decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation of aorta |
Morales-Rubio et al. [92] | C57BL/6J mice | Ultrafine PM (< 60 nm) | 50 μL UFP followed by 200 μL air (400 μg/kg BW) | Intratracheal | GD6.5, 8.5, 10.5, 12.5, 14.5, 16.5 (once/day) | Increased embryo reabsorption; decreases in uterus, placental, and fetal weights; HSD11B2 hypermethylation and protein downregulation; increases in PAH enzymes; activation of AT1R and ACE in PND50 resulting in increased blood pressure |
Woodward et al. [80] | C57BL/6J mice | Ultrafine PM (< 100 nm) | 343 μg/m3 | Inhalation | Gestation (5 h/day, 3 days/week) | Increased food intake, body weight, fat mass, adiposity, glucose intolerance; dysregulation of neuropeptides in hypothalamus; decreased expression of insulin receptor signaling genes in adipose |
Xie et al. [90] | C57BL/6J mice | PM2.5 | 0.3 mg/kg/day | Oral | GD0-GD18 (once/2 days) | Reduced BW in adult males after 6 weeks; reduced adipocytesize in eWAT compared to BAT; decreased expression of ACC1, ACSL1, PPAR-a in eWAT; decreased expression of TNF-a, IL-1B, IL-6; reduction of LPC, PC, PE, SM, Cer. |