Table 1 Characteristics of students according to gender
Females | Males | All | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p valuea | |
Total subjects | 1679 (55.9) | 1323 (44.1) | 3002 | |
Geographical area | ||||
Brescia | 1056 (62.9) | 906 (68.5) | 1962 (65.4) | |
Naples | 623 (37.1) | 417 (31.5) | 1040 (34.6) | 0.002 |
Mean age (SD), years | 15.2 (0.4) | 15.2 (0.4) | 15.2 (0.4) | |
Higher parental education, years | ||||
≤ 8 | 249 (15.3) | 180 (14.4) | 429 (14.9) | |
9–13 | 793 (48.8) | 546 (43.5) | 1339 (46.5) | |
≥ 14 | 582 (35.8) | 528 (42.1) | 1110 (38.6) | |
Substance use§ | ||||
Tobacco smoking | 529 (31.5) | 383 (29.0) | 912 (30.4) | 0.142 |
Perceived tobacco dependence | 239 (14.7) | 140 (10.8) | 379 (13.0) | 0.002 |
Alcohol consumption | 586 (35.6) | 603 (46.5) | 1189 (40.4) | < 0.001 |
Perceived drunkenness | 98 (6.0) | 107 (8.4) | 205 (7.1) | 0.015 |
Screen time | ||||
TV | ||||
0–1 h | 835 (51.0) | 786 (61.4) | 1621 (55.6) | |
2–3 h | 448 (27.4) | 302 (23.6) | 750 (25.7) | |
≥ 4 h | 353 (21.6) | 192 (15.0) | 545 (18.7) | <0.001 |
Mean (SD), h | 2.09 (1.52) | 1.73 (1.43) | 1.93 (1.49) | |
Social networks | ||||
0–1 h | 324 (19.7) | 570 (44.0) | 894 (30.4) | |
2–3 h | 393 (23.9) | 328 (25.4) | 721 (24.5) | |
4–5 h | 419 (25.4) | 235 (18.2) | 654 (22.3) | |
≥ 6 h | 511 (31.0) | 160 (12.4) | 671 (22.8) | < 0.001 |
Mean (SD), h | 3.8 (2.1) | 2.5 (1.9) | 3.27 (2.1) | |
Web navigation | ||||
0–1 h | 1211 (74.2) | 1050 (82.4) | 2261 (77.8) | |
2–3 h | 258 (15.8) | 149 (11.7) | 407 (14.0) | |
≥ 4 h | 163 (10.0) | 75 (5.9) | 238 (8.2) | < 0.001 |
Mean (SD), h | 1.42 (1.3) | 1.12 (1.1) | 1.28 (1.2) | |
Videogames | ||||
0–1 h | 1531 (93.7) | 723 (56.2) | 2254 (77.2) | |
2–3 h | 50 (3.1) | 292 (22.7) | 342 (11.7) | |
≥ 4 h | 53 (3.2) | 271 (21.1) | 324 (11.1) | < 0.001 |
Mean (SD), h | 0.4 (1.1) | 1.93 (1.8) | 1.08 (1.6) | |
Screen time$ | ||||
Mean (SD), h | 1.5 (01.0) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.55 (1.0) | |
Bullying | ||||
Bullying | ||||
Victims | 728 (43.7) | 502 (38.4) | 1230 (41.4) | 0.004 |
Authors | 551 (33.1) | 628 (48.4) | 1179 (39.8) | < 0.001 |
Physical | ||||
Victims | 78 (4.7) | 120 (9.2) | 198 (6.7) | < 0.001 |
Authors | 99 (6.0) | 240 (18.8) | 339 (11.5) | < 0.001 |
Psychological | ||||
Victims | 637 (38.6) | 378 (29.1) | 1015 (34.4) | < 0.001 |
Authors | 445 (26.8) | 379 (29.6) | 824 (28.1) | 0.095 |
School climate | ||||
Negative perception | 567 (33.8) | 415 (31.4) | 982 (32.7) | 0.172 |
Mental health evaluation | ||||
CES-DC scale | ||||
Depressive symptoms | 432 (28.7) | 119 (10.4) | 551 (20.8) | < 0.001 |
Mean (SD) | 22.50 (12.8) | 14.86 (10.9) | 19.20 (12.6) | < 0.001 |
SDQ scale, overall | ||||
Mean (SD) | 14.62 (6.1) | 12.01 (6.0) | 13.48 (6.2) | < 0.001 |
Symptoms of mental health problems | 366 (22.3) | 155 (12.1) | 521 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
SDQ scale, internalizing subscale | ||||
Internalizing symptoms | 580 (35.1) | 207 (16.1) | 787 (26.7) | < 0.001 |
Mean (SD) | 7.23 (3.8) | 4.96 (3.6) | 6.24 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
SDQ scale, externalizing subscale | ||||
Externalizing symtoms | 326 (19.7) | 211 (16.3) | 537 (18.2) | 0.020 |
Mean (SD) | 7.4 (3.5) | 7.1 (3.5) | 7.3 (3.5) | 0.005 |