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Table 4 Association between use of each type of dietary supplement and demographic, social, and health-related behavioral characteristics

From: Dietary supplement use in elementary school children: a Japanese web-based survey

 

Amino acids or protein

n3-fatty acids

Botanicals

Probiotics

Multivitamins-minerals supplements

Multivitamins supplements

n

OR

(95%CI)

n

OR

(95%CI)

n

OR

(95%CI)

n

OR

(95%CI)

n

OR

(95%CI)

n

OR

(95%CI)

Grade

 1

5

1.00

(reference)

11

1.00

(reference)

3

1.00

(reference)

6

1.00

(reference)

4

1.00

(reference)

6

1.00

(reference)

 2

10

2.14

(0.72,

6.33)

3

0.28

(0.08,

1.01)

3

1.00

(0.20,

5.02)

7

1.24

(1.24,

0.41)

5

1.30

(0.34,

4.90)

5

0.87

(0.26,

2.89)

 3

12

1.87

(0.65,

5.44)

10

0.66

(0.26,

1.66)

7

1.76

(0.43,

7.16)

8

1.14

(1.14,

0.37)

6

0.87

(0.23,

3.28)

6

0.84

(0.26,

2.76)

 4

12

1.79

(0.62,

5.16)

9

0.60

(0.24,

1.46)

8

2.15

(0.56,

8.22)

7

0.87

(0.87,

0.29)

4

0.80

(0.20,

3.24)

9

1.11

(0.39,

3.16)

 5

14

1.78

(0.63,

5.02)

11

0.64

(0.27,

1.50)

9

2.00

(0.53,

7.52)

9

0.95

(0.95,

0.33)

7

1.31

(0.38,

4.56)

9

0.87

(0.30,

2.56)

 6

15

1.83

(0.65,

5.11)

10

0.53

(0.22,

1.28)

8

1.75

(0.46,

6.73)

10

1.02

(1.02,

0.36)

15

2.53

(0.83,

7.77)

7

0.69

(0.23,

2.09)

Sex

 Male

50

2.40

(1.38,

4.18)

28

0.97

(0.56,

1.69)

21

1.17

(0.60,

2.25)

26

1.03

(0.57,

1.86)

20

0.93

(0.50,

1.75)

23

1.03

(0.55,

1.95)

 Female

18

1.00

(reference)

26

1.00

(reference)

17

1.00

(reference)

21

1.00

(reference)

21

1.00

(reference)

19

1.00

(reference)

BMI categorya

 Underweight

8

0.77

(0.36,

1.65)

7

0.88

(0.39,

2.02)

3

0.53

(0.16,

1.75)

6

0.81

(0.34,

1.96)

8

1.86

(0.80,

4.31)

3

0.42

(0.13,

1.38)

 Normal-weight

48

1.00

(reference)

33

1.00

(reference)

26

1.00

(reference)

33

1.00

(reference)

19

1.00

(reference)

32

1.00

(reference)

 Overweight

12

0.87

(0.45,

1.69)

14

1.23

(0.61,

2.45)

9

1.00

(0.44,

2.28)

8

0.72

(0.31,

1.67)

14

2.47

(1.17,

5.21)

7

0.71

(0.29,

1.71)

Frequency of sports participation

 Never

4

1.00

(reference)

10

1.00

(reference)

6

1.00

(reference)

6

1.00

(reference)

10

1.00

(reference)

6

1.00

(reference)

 Once a week

11

3.64

(1.15,

11.6)

12

1.66

(0.71,

3.90)

14

3.29

(1.24,

8.69)

10

2.12

(0.76,

5.92)

4

0.58

(0.18,

1.86)

5

1.10

(0.33,

3.65)

 2–3 times/week

33

4.99

(1.75,

14.2)

19

1.29

(0.59,

2.82)

16

1.79

(0.69,

4.65)

23

2.44

(0.98,

6.08)

19

1.32

(0.61,

2.89)

17

1.86

(0.72,

4.79)

 4–6 times/week

12

5.37

(1.70,

17.0)

7

1.52

(0.56,

4.09)

1

0.33

(0.04,

2.78)

6

2.16

(0.68,

6.86)

5

1.12

(0.37,

3.36)

8

2.42

(0.79,

7.43)

 Every day

8

6.06

(1.78,

20.6)

6

2.29

(0.80,

6.51)

1

0.54

(0.06,

4.55)

2

1.23

(0.24,

6.26)

3

1.02

(0.27,

3.83)

6

3.56

(1.11,

11.5)

Health status

 Poor or fair

19

1.00

(reference)

3

1.00

(reference)

3

1.00

(reference)

2

1.00

(reference)

5

1.00

(reference)

1

1.00

(reference)

 Good

19

1.71

(0.94,

3.08)

19

0.92

(0.27,

3.16)

15

2.38

(0.65,

8.70)

21

2.11

(0.46,

9.67)

11

1.43

(0.64,

3.16)

15

1.49

(0.67,

3.31)

 Very good

24

1.58

(0.84,

2.96)

17

0.75

(0.21,

2.61)

8

1.87

(0.86,

4.05)

12

3.12

(1.51,

6.44)

12

1.43

(0.63,

3.24)

12

2.29

(1.06,

4.91)

 Excellent

22

1.89

(0.55,

6.50)

15

0.42

(0.12,

1.48)

12

0.98

(0.40,

2.42)

12

1.49

(0.67,

3.36)

13

3.89

(1.33,

11.4)

14

1.13

(0.14,

8.90)

Household income (10000 Japanese yen/year)

  < 200

6

1.00

(reference)

3

1.00

(reference)

6

1.00

(reference)

4

1.00

(reference)

3

1.00

(reference)

5

1.00

(reference)

 200 to < 400

7

0.68

(0.22,

2.03)

3

0.46

(0.11,

2.79)

3

0.28

(0.07,

1.14)

2

0.28

(0.05,

1.53)

8

1.56

(0.41,

5.95)

2

0.21

(0.04,

1.09)

 400 to < 600

14

0.74

(0.28,

1.94)

18

1.19

(0.55,

6.50)

7

0.36

(0.12,

1.08)

10

0.73

(0.23,

2.36)

9

0.87

(0.23,

3.27)

11

0.66

(0.22,

1.93)

 600 to < 800

21

1.33

(0.52,

3.40)

16

1.39

(0.62,

7.62)

13

0.86

(0.31,

2.34)

19

1.75

(0.58,

5.29)

8

0.96

(0.25,

3.73)

11

0.75

(0.25,

2.24)

 800 to < 1000

7

0.77

(0.25,

2.37)

4

0.78

(0.22,

4.60)

2

0.25

(0.05,

1.26)

4

0.67

(0.16,

2.76)

6

1.25

(0.30,

5.20)

3

0.34

(0.08,

1.49)

  ≥ 1000

13

1.91

(0.69,

5.29)

10

2.19

(0.85,

12.2)

7

1.05

(0.33,

3.34)

8

1.73

(0.50,

5.98)

7

1.79

(0.44,

7.30)

10

1.24

(0.39,

3.98)

Maternal educational level (years)

  ≤ 12

15

1.00

(reference)

8

1.00

(reference)

7

1.00

(reference)

5

1.00

(reference)

5

1.00

(reference)

8

1.00

(reference)

 13 to 15

21

0.97

(0.49,

1.92)

26

0.93

(1.01,

5.06)

16

1.56

(0.63,

2.85)

22

2.85

(1.06,

7.62)

17

2.71

(0.98,

7.47)

9

0.83

(0.31,

2.18)

  ≥ 16

32

1.35

(0.69,

2.63)

20

0.70

(0.67,

3.76)

15

1.47

(0.56,

2.36)

20

2.36

(0.85,

6.54)

19

3.39

(1.20,

9.58)

25

2.21

(0.93,

5.25)

  1. Multivariate logistic regression was adjusted for all other variables examined
  2. Use of dietary supplements was defined as children who used dietary supplements, regardless of frequency
  3. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, OR `odds ratio
  4. aBMI was categorized as underweight, normal-weight, or overweight based on age- and sex-specific cut-off points defined by the International Obesity Task Force [28, 29]