From: Dietary supplement use in elementary school children: a Japanese web-based survey
 | Amino acids or protein | n3-fatty acids | Botanicals | Probiotics | Multivitamins-minerals supplements | Multivitamins supplements | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | |||||||
Grade | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 1 | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 11 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 4 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
 2 | 10 | 2.14 | (0.72, | 6.33) | 3 | 0.28 | (0.08, | 1.01) | 3 | 1.00 | (0.20, | 5.02) | 7 | 1.24 | (1.24, | 0.41) | 5 | 1.30 | (0.34, | 4.90) | 5 | 0.87 | (0.26, | 2.89) |
 3 | 12 | 1.87 | (0.65, | 5.44) | 10 | 0.66 | (0.26, | 1.66) | 7 | 1.76 | (0.43, | 7.16) | 8 | 1.14 | (1.14, | 0.37) | 6 | 0.87 | (0.23, | 3.28) | 6 | 0.84 | (0.26, | 2.76) |
 4 | 12 | 1.79 | (0.62, | 5.16) | 9 | 0.60 | (0.24, | 1.46) | 8 | 2.15 | (0.56, | 8.22) | 7 | 0.87 | (0.87, | 0.29) | 4 | 0.80 | (0.20, | 3.24) | 9 | 1.11 | (0.39, | 3.16) |
 5 | 14 | 1.78 | (0.63, | 5.02) | 11 | 0.64 | (0.27, | 1.50) | 9 | 2.00 | (0.53, | 7.52) | 9 | 0.95 | (0.95, | 0.33) | 7 | 1.31 | (0.38, | 4.56) | 9 | 0.87 | (0.30, | 2.56) |
 6 | 15 | 1.83 | (0.65, | 5.11) | 10 | 0.53 | (0.22, | 1.28) | 8 | 1.75 | (0.46, | 6.73) | 10 | 1.02 | (1.02, | 0.36) | 15 | 2.53 | (0.83, | 7.77) | 7 | 0.69 | (0.23, | 2.09) |
Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Male | 50 | 2.40 | (1.38, | 4.18) | 28 | 0.97 | (0.56, | 1.69) | 21 | 1.17 | (0.60, | 2.25) | 26 | 1.03 | (0.57, | 1.86) | 20 | 0.93 | (0.50, | 1.75) | 23 | 1.03 | (0.55, | 1.95) |
 Female | 18 | 1.00 | (reference) | 26 | 1.00 | (reference) | 17 | 1.00 | (reference) | 21 | 1.00 | (reference) | 21 | 1.00 | (reference) | 19 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
BMI categorya | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Underweight | 8 | 0.77 | (0.36, | 1.65) | 7 | 0.88 | (0.39, | 2.02) | 3 | 0.53 | (0.16, | 1.75) | 6 | 0.81 | (0.34, | 1.96) | 8 | 1.86 | (0.80, | 4.31) | 3 | 0.42 | (0.13, | 1.38) |
 Normal-weight | 48 | 1.00 | (reference) | 33 | 1.00 | (reference) | 26 | 1.00 | (reference) | 33 | 1.00 | (reference) | 19 | 1.00 | (reference) | 32 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
 Overweight | 12 | 0.87 | (0.45, | 1.69) | 14 | 1.23 | (0.61, | 2.45) | 9 | 1.00 | (0.44, | 2.28) | 8 | 0.72 | (0.31, | 1.67) | 14 | 2.47 | (1.17, | 5.21) | 7 | 0.71 | (0.29, | 1.71) |
Frequency of sports participation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Never | 4 | 1.00 | (reference) | 10 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 10 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
 Once a week | 11 | 3.64 | (1.15, | 11.6) | 12 | 1.66 | (0.71, | 3.90) | 14 | 3.29 | (1.24, | 8.69) | 10 | 2.12 | (0.76, | 5.92) | 4 | 0.58 | (0.18, | 1.86) | 5 | 1.10 | (0.33, | 3.65) |
 2–3 times/week | 33 | 4.99 | (1.75, | 14.2) | 19 | 1.29 | (0.59, | 2.82) | 16 | 1.79 | (0.69, | 4.65) | 23 | 2.44 | (0.98, | 6.08) | 19 | 1.32 | (0.61, | 2.89) | 17 | 1.86 | (0.72, | 4.79) |
 4–6 times/week | 12 | 5.37 | (1.70, | 17.0) | 7 | 1.52 | (0.56, | 4.09) | 1 | 0.33 | (0.04, | 2.78) | 6 | 2.16 | (0.68, | 6.86) | 5 | 1.12 | (0.37, | 3.36) | 8 | 2.42 | (0.79, | 7.43) |
 Every day | 8 | 6.06 | (1.78, | 20.6) | 6 | 2.29 | (0.80, | 6.51) | 1 | 0.54 | (0.06, | 4.55) | 2 | 1.23 | (0.24, | 6.26) | 3 | 1.02 | (0.27, | 3.83) | 6 | 3.56 | (1.11, | 11.5) |
Health status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Poor or fair | 19 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 2 | 1.00 | (reference) | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
 Good | 19 | 1.71 | (0.94, | 3.08) | 19 | 0.92 | (0.27, | 3.16) | 15 | 2.38 | (0.65, | 8.70) | 21 | 2.11 | (0.46, | 9.67) | 11 | 1.43 | (0.64, | 3.16) | 15 | 1.49 | (0.67, | 3.31) |
 Very good | 24 | 1.58 | (0.84, | 2.96) | 17 | 0.75 | (0.21, | 2.61) | 8 | 1.87 | (0.86, | 4.05) | 12 | 3.12 | (1.51, | 6.44) | 12 | 1.43 | (0.63, | 3.24) | 12 | 2.29 | (1.06, | 4.91) |
 Excellent | 22 | 1.89 | (0.55, | 6.50) | 15 | 0.42 | (0.12, | 1.48) | 12 | 0.98 | (0.40, | 2.42) | 12 | 1.49 | (0.67, | 3.36) | 13 | 3.89 | (1.33, | 11.4) | 14 | 1.13 | (0.14, | 8.90) |
Household income (10000 Japanese yen/year) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
  < 200 | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 4 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
 200 to < 400 | 7 | 0.68 | (0.22, | 2.03) | 3 | 0.46 | (0.11, | 2.79) | 3 | 0.28 | (0.07, | 1.14) | 2 | 0.28 | (0.05, | 1.53) | 8 | 1.56 | (0.41, | 5.95) | 2 | 0.21 | (0.04, | 1.09) |
 400 to < 600 | 14 | 0.74 | (0.28, | 1.94) | 18 | 1.19 | (0.55, | 6.50) | 7 | 0.36 | (0.12, | 1.08) | 10 | 0.73 | (0.23, | 2.36) | 9 | 0.87 | (0.23, | 3.27) | 11 | 0.66 | (0.22, | 1.93) |
 600 to < 800 | 21 | 1.33 | (0.52, | 3.40) | 16 | 1.39 | (0.62, | 7.62) | 13 | 0.86 | (0.31, | 2.34) | 19 | 1.75 | (0.58, | 5.29) | 8 | 0.96 | (0.25, | 3.73) | 11 | 0.75 | (0.25, | 2.24) |
 800 to < 1000 | 7 | 0.77 | (0.25, | 2.37) | 4 | 0.78 | (0.22, | 4.60) | 2 | 0.25 | (0.05, | 1.26) | 4 | 0.67 | (0.16, | 2.76) | 6 | 1.25 | (0.30, | 5.20) | 3 | 0.34 | (0.08, | 1.49) |
  ≥ 1000 | 13 | 1.91 | (0.69, | 5.29) | 10 | 2.19 | (0.85, | 12.2) | 7 | 1.05 | (0.33, | 3.34) | 8 | 1.73 | (0.50, | 5.98) | 7 | 1.79 | (0.44, | 7.30) | 10 | 1.24 | (0.39, | 3.98) |
Maternal educational level (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
  ≤ 12 | 15 | 1.00 | (reference) | 8 | 1.00 | (reference) | 7 | 1.00 | (reference) | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 8 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
 13 to 15 | 21 | 0.97 | (0.49, | 1.92) | 26 | 0.93 | (1.01, | 5.06) | 16 | 1.56 | (0.63, | 2.85) | 22 | 2.85 | (1.06, | 7.62) | 17 | 2.71 | (0.98, | 7.47) | 9 | 0.83 | (0.31, | 2.18) |
  ≥ 16 | 32 | 1.35 | (0.69, | 2.63) | 20 | 0.70 | (0.67, | 3.76) | 15 | 1.47 | (0.56, | 2.36) | 20 | 2.36 | (0.85, | 6.54) | 19 | 3.39 | (1.20, | 9.58) | 25 | 2.21 | (0.93, | 5.25) |