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Table 4 Multilevel binary logistic regression analysis of individual- and community-level factors among children aged from 12 to 23 months in EDHS 2016

From: Geographical variations and associated factors of defaulting from immunization among children aged 12 to 23 months in Ethiopia: using spatial and multilevel analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

Individual and community characteristics

Null model

Model II AOR (95%CI)

Model III AOR (95% CI)

Model IV AOR (95% CI)

Respondent age

 15–24 years

-

1

-

1

 25–34 years

-

0.98 (0.55, 1.74)

-

0.95 (0.53, 1.70)

 35–49 years

-

1.17 (0.54, 2.57)

-

1.33 (0.59, 2.97)

Birth order

 First birth

-

1

-

1

 Second and third

-

0.95 (0.50, 1.84 )

-

0.86 (0.45, 1.63)

 Fourth and fifth

-

1.19 (0.59, 2.42)

-

1.05 (0.52, 2.11)

 Six and above

-

1.01 (0.41, 2.51)

-

0.82 (0.33, 2.01)

Antenatal care utilization

 < 4 visit

-

1.63 (1.02, 2.59 ) *

-

1.26 (0.74, 2.14)

 > 4 visit

-

1

-

1

Women’s occupation

 No job

-

1.21 (0.80, 1.81)

-

1.23 (0.77, 1.97)

 Has job

-

1

-

1

Distance to the health facility

 Big problem

-

1.23 (0.83, 1.84)

-

0.86 (0.53, 1.40)

 Not a big problem

-

1

-

1

Partner /husband’s educational level

 No education

-

0.52 (0.16, 1.64)

-

0.48 (0.15, 1.50)

 Primary

-

0.50 (0.16, 1.50)

-

0.44 (0.15, 1.32)

 Secondary

-

0.45 (0.14, 1.47)

-

0.47 (0.14, 1.60)

 Higher

-

1

-

1

 Do not know

-

5.53 (0.74, 41.06)

-

7.56 (0.10, 57.72)

Wealth index

 Poorest

-

2.38 (0.86, 6.58)

-

1.79 (0.50, 6.37)

 Poorer

-

1.81 (0.75, 4.33)

-

1.41 (0.45, 4.46)

 Middle

-

2.21 (0.93, 5.23 )

-

182 (0.61, 5.42)

 Richer

-

1.45 (0.63, 3.37)

-

1.32 (0.46, 3.79)

 Richest

-

1

-

1

Women’s educational level

 No education

-

4.16 (1.09, 15.89)*

-

4.23 (1.17, 15.78)*

 Primary

-

2.94 (0.79, 10.87)

-

3.06 (0.87, 10.73)

 Secondary

-

1.52 (0.40, 5.71)

-

1.64 (0.45, 5.97)

 Higher

-

1

-

1

Media exposure

 Not exposed at all

-

1.51 (0.49, 4.71)

-

1.81 (0.54, 6.10)

 Exposed to either radio/TV

-

1.17 (0.39, 3.53)

-

1.33 (0.40, 4.43)

 Exposed to both radio and TV

-

1

-

1

Religion

 Orthodox

-

1

 

1

 Muslim

-

1.39 (0.72, 2.71)

-

1.28 (0.65, 2.54)

 Protestant

-

0.82 (0.40, 1.60)

-

0.86 (0.41, 1.81)

 Other

-

4.87 (1.18, 20.10)

-

2.10 (0.25, 20.74)

Place of delivery

 Home

-

1.60 (1.04, 2.46)*

-

1.33 (0.82, 2.16)

 Health facility

-

1

-

1

 Other

-

0.39 (0.10, 1.48)

-

0.35 (0.08, 1.52)

Region

 Tigray

-

-

1

1

 Afar

-

-

8.39 (2.39, 29.81)**

7.53(2.06, 27.45)**

 Amhara

-

-

2.38 (1.12, 5.03)*

2.13(0.98, 4.63)

 Oromiya

-

-

3.07 (1.31, 7.12)*

3.70 (1.52, 9.03)*

 Somalia

-

-

4.82 (1.59, 14.64)**

4.39 (1.31, 14.69)*

 Benishangul

-

-

0.83 (0.34, 2.00)

0.79(0.31, 1.99)

 SNNPR

-

-

3.10 (1.33, 7.24) **

3.44 (1.37, 8.67)*

 Gambela

-

-

3.31 (1.25, 8.74)*

3.151 (1.11, 8.92)*

 Harari

-

-

2.94 (1.10, 7.93)*

2.94 (1.02, 8.48)*

 Addis Ababa

-

-

0.87 (0.30, 2.53)

1.44 (0.42, 4.91)

 Dire Dawa

-

-

0.8 (0.27, 2.43)

1.08 (0.33, 3.56)

Residence

 Rural

-

-

1.15 (0.46, 2.86)

0.75 (0.23, 2.41)

 Urban

-

-

1

1

Community media exposure

 Lower proportion of exposed

-

-

1.20 (0.70, 2.05)

0.96 (0.53, 1.75)

 Higher proportion of exposed

-

-

1

1

Community distance to health facility

 Lower proportion of big problem

-

-

1

1

 Higher proportion of big problem

-

-

1.55 (0.96, 2.51)

1.60 (0.92, 2.78)

Community poverty status

 Lower proportion of poverty

-

-

1

1

 Higher proportion of poverty

-

-

1.32 (0.76, 2.28)

1.29 (0.70, 2.38)

Community-women educational level

 Lower proportion of no education

-

-

1

1

 Higher proportion of no education

-

-

1.22 (0.76, 1.96)

1.05 (0.61, 1.81)

Community antenatal care (ANC) utilization

 Low proportion of ANC utilization

-

-

1.37 (0.82, 2.29)

1.16 (0.67, 2.02)

 Higher proportion of ANC utilization

-

-

1

1

Community unemployment rate

 Lower unemployment rate

-

-

1

1

 Higher unemployment rate

-

-

0.79 (0.49, 1.26)

0.69 (0.39, 1.21)

  1. Notes: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, 1 = Reference category