Fig. 2.

Importance of longer follow-ups to examine prenatal exposure and health impacts at later life. Solid arrows and squares indicate the health impacts of fetal and intrauterine exposure, respectively, to PFAS on the health of children based on the results observed across 16 reports published by the Hokkaido Study. For immuno-function, we observe continuous PFAS effects up to 7 years old. Lower IgE levels at birth; lower risk of allergies at 2, 4, and 7 years old; and higher risks of infectious disease at 4 and 7 years of age have also been observed. Ovals indicate the possible health impacts at later life stages based on the reported results