Table 1 General characteristics of children.
Variables | Total | Normal (n = 13,272) | Overweight (n = 2272) | Obesity (n = 1463) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric measures | |||||
 Gender, male (n (%)) | 8881 (52.22%) | 6368 (47.98%) | 1418 (62.41%) | 1095 (74.85%) | < 0.001 |
 Age, year | 9.20 ± 1.74 | 9.20 ± 1.75 | 9.30 ± 1.74 | 9.05 ± 1.71 | < 0.001 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 17.37 ± 3.08 | 16.18 ± 1.67 | 20.22 ± 1.71 | 23.73 ± 3.83 | < 0.001 |
 Height, cm | 134.42 ± 11.43 | 133.54 ± 11.24 | 137.41 ± 11.67 | 137.73 ± 11.34 | < 0.001 |
 Weight, kg | 31.98 ± 9.49 | 29.30 ± 7.10 | 38.88 ± 9.39 | 45.62 ± 11.37 | < 0.001 |
 Waist circumference, cm | 58.29 ± 8.44 | 55.49 ± 5.77 | 65.36 ± 7.32 | 72.74 ± 9.28 | < 0.001 |
 Heart rate, n/min | 94.73 ± 12.56 | 94.54 ± 12.53 | 94.76 ± 12.59 | 96.36 ± 12.76 | < 0.001 |
 SBP, mmHg | 102.97 ± 9.86 | 101.51 ± 9.30 | 106.86 ± 9.74 | 110.15 ± 10.25 | < 0.001 |
 DBP, mmHg | 63.11 ± 7.62 | 62.49 ± 7.42 | 64.54 ± 7.74 | 66.51 ± 8.03 | < 0.001 |
 MAP, mmHg | 89.68 ± 8.47 | 88.50 ± 8.05 | 92.76 ± 8.34 | 95.6 ± 8.77 | < 0.001 |
Socioeconomic | |||||
Region | |||||
 Urban or suburb | 9405 (55.30%) | 7100 (53.50%) | 1412 (62.15%) | 893 (61.04%) | < 0.001 |
 Rural | 7602 (44.70%) | 6172 (46.50%) | 860 (37.85%) | 570 (38.96%) |  |
Father’s education, level, year | |||||
 ~ 9 | 8177(49.16%) | 6592(50.79%) | 973(43.65%) | 612(42.89%) | <0.001 |
 ~ 12 | 6393(38.43%) | 4851(37.38%) | 937(42.04%) | 605(42.40%) |  |
 ~ 15 | 1955(11.75%) | 1458(11.23%) | 300(13.46%) | 197(13.81%) |  |
 > 15 | 109(0.66%) | 77(0.59%) | 19(0.85%) | 13(0.91%) |  |
Father’s occupation | |||||
 Manager | 1334 (8.00%) | 1011 (7.77%) | 206 (9.20%) | 117 (8.17%) | < 0.001 |
 Worker | 5315 (31.86%) | 4052 (31.14%) | 773 (34.54%) | 490 (34.22%) |  |
 Technicist/Researcher | 711 (4.26%) | 536 (4.12%) | 108 (4.83%) | 67 (4.68%) |  |
 Farmer | 5410 (32.43%) | 4354 (33.46%) | 646 (28.87%) | 410 (28.63%) |  |
 Others | 3914 (23.46%) | 3061 (23.52%) | 505 (22.56%) | 348 (24.30%) |  |
Mother’s occupation | |||||
 Manager | 892 (5.35%) | 683 (5.25%) | 126 (5.63%) | 83(5.83%) | < 0.001 |
 Worker | 4713 (28.25%) | 3615 (27.76%) | 700 (31.26%) | 398 (27.97%) |  |
 Technicist/Researcher | 299 (1.79%) | 211 (1.62%) | 52 (2.32%) | 36 (2.53%) |  |
 Farmer | 5119 (30.68%) | 3981 (30.57%) | 680 (30.37%) | 458 (32.19%) |  |
 Others | 5660 (33.93%) | 4531 (34.80%) | 681 (30.42%) | 448 (31.48%) |  |
Income, RMB | |||||
 ~ 500 | 843 (5.56%) | 719 (6.07%) | 71 (3.54%) | 53 (4.03%) | < 0.001 |
 ~ 1000 | 1631 (10.76%) | 1328 (11.21%) | 186 (9.29%) | 117 (8.90%) |  |
 ~ 2000 | 2906 (19.17%) | 2319 (19.58%) | 355 (17.72%) | 232 (17.66%) |  |
 > 2000 | 9782 (64.52%) | 7479 (63.14%) | 1391 (69.45%) | 912 (69.41%) |  |
Live with grandparents | |||||
 No | 12,905 (84.61%) | 10,073 (84.48%) | 1705 (84.91%) | 1127 (85.25%) | 0.705 |
 Yes | 2348 (15.39%) | 1850 (15.52%) | 303 (15.09%) | 195 (14.75%) |  |
People live with child | |||||
 1 | 730 (4.86%) | 574 (4.89%) | 88 (4.45%) | 68 (5.25%) | 0.018 |
 2~3 | 8053 (53.60%) | 6216 (52.91%) | 1109 (56.04%) | 728 (56.17%) |  |
 4 | 6240 (41.54%) | 4958 (42.20%) | 782 (39.51%) | 500 (38.58%) |  |
Medical insurance | |||||
 No | 12,767 (84.10%) | 9956 (83.92%) | 1699 (84.91%) | 1112 (84.50%) | 0.495 |
 Yes | 2413 (15.90%) | 1907 (16.08%) | 302 (15.09%) | 204 (15.50%) |  |
Dietary intakes, % | |||||
Cereals and potatoes | 13.49 (7.60, 20.18) | 13.42 (7.57, 20.08) | 13.70 (7.90, 20.49) | 13.60 (7.64, 21.13) | 0.457 |
Vegetables | 13.62 (8.47, 20.34) | 13.38 (8.34, 20.06) | 14.20 (8.82, 20.92) | 15.13 (9.44, 21.85) | < 0.001 |
Fruit | 11.25 (6.23, 17.4) | 11.34 (6.31, 17.50) | 11.18 (6.09, 17.27) | 10.55 (5.82, 16.97) | 0.070 |
Red meat | 7.10 (4.08,10.72) | 6.94 (3.95, 10.55) | 7.62 (4.55, 11.29) | 7.78 (4.72, 11.43) | < 0.001 |
Poultry | 2.38 (1.23,4.74) | 2.39 (1.24, 4.75) | 2.32 (1.15,4.56) | 2.37 (1.24, 4.77) | 0.262 |
Fish | 1.32 (0.49,2.86) | 1.34 (0.50, 2.88) | 1.26 (0.41, 2.88) | 1.22 (0.46, 2.60) | 0.013 |
Eggs | 3.66 (1.71,6.31) | 3.63 (1.70, 6.27) | 3.88 (1.82, 6.70) | 3.54 (1.59, 6.11) | 0.012 |
Milk | 18.29 (11.63, 26.41) | 18.56 (11.79, 26.66) | 17.69 (11.22, 25.43) | 17.14 (10.86, 25.04) | < 0.001 |
Bean food | 2.22 (1.03, 4.66) | 2.24 (1.05, 4.66) | 2.23 (1.00, 4.70) | 2.09 (0.97, 4.47) | 0.188 |
Nuts | 0.95 (0.26, 2.37) | 0.97 (0.27, 2.42) | 0.87 (0.25, 2.28) | 0.84 (0.20, 2.05) | 0.001 |
Mushrooms and algae food | 0.85 (0.23, 2.11) | 0.84 (0.23, 2.10) | 0.89 (0.24, 2.18) | 0.88 (0.23, 2.12) | 0.522 |
Oils | 4.64 (2.58, 7.43) | 4.64 (2.56, 7.43) | 4.61 (2.61, 7.46) | 4.62 (2.74, 7.43) | 0.655 |
Pickle | 0.46 (0.06, 1.33) | 0.47 (0.07, 1.34) | 0.39 (0.03, 1.30) | 0.38 (0.03, 1.37) | 0.006 |
Nutritional supplements | 0.00 (0.00, 0.34) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.45) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.17) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.06) | < 0.001 |
Beverage | 1.00 (0.07, 3.51) | 1.01 (0.07, 3.52) | 0.92 (0.07, 3.21) | 1.07 (0.11, 3.83) | 0.082 |
Perinatal measures | |||||
Gestational hypertension | |||||
 No | 14,557 (98.49%) | 11,382 (98.55%) | 1922 (98.16%) | 1253 (98.51%) | 0.435 |
 Yes | 223 (1.51%) | 168 (1.45%) | 36 (1.84%) | 19 (1.49%) |  |
Birth weight, g | |||||
 ~ 3000 | 4138 (27.19%) | 3405 (28.63%) | 461 (22.98%) | 272 (20.61%) | < 0.001 |
 ~ 3600 | 6619 (43.49%) | 5111 (42.97%) | 914 (45.56%) | 594 (45.00%) |  |
 > 3600 | 4464 (29.33%) | 3379 (28.41%) | 631 (31.46%) | 454 (34.39%) |  |
Breast feeding, month | |||||
 0~3 | 3751 (25.00%) | 2890 (24.66%) | 507 (25.64%) | 354 (27.13%) | 0.152 |
 4~10 | 7408 (49.38%) | 5789 (49.39%) | 994 (50.28%) | 625 (47.89%) |  |
 > 10 | 3844 (25.62%) | 3042 (25.95%) | 476 (24.08%) | 326 (24.98%) |  |
Father with obesity | |||||
 No | 12,662 (83.93%) | 10,152 (86.06%) | 1562 (78.97%) | 948 (72.26%) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 2425 (16.07%) | 1645 (13.94%) | 416 (21.03%) | 364 (27.74%) |  |
Mother with obesity | |||||
 No | 13,592 (90.13%) | 10,801 (91.62%) | 1709 (86.18%) | 1082 (82.66%) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 1489 (9.87%) | 988 (8.38%) | 274 (13.82%) | 227 (17.34%) |  |