Table 1 Study measurements conducted in each phase of the FORMEN study

Baseline surveys in 2007–2008

Bone mineral density measurements at the spine and hip by DXA

Vertebral fracture assessment by SXA

Trabecular bone microarchitecture assessment at the spine by TBS

Fasting blood samples taken: fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, lipids, bone turnover markers (OC, TRACP5b, P1NP, and CTX), ucOC, pentosidine, esRAGE, and high sensitivity CRP assayed; and serum aliquots stored at –80°C

Interviews to obtain information on past history of illness, lifestyle factors, socioeconomic status, health-related QOL (SF-36), geriatric depression scale, and ADL and IADL scales

Mini-mental state examination

Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure measurements

Physical performance tests (grip strength, 10-m gait speed, one-foot standing balance with eyes open, and knee flexor and extensor strength)

Mail and telephone surveys in 2008 and 2009

Questionnaire and interviews to obtain information on incidence of outcomes (death, LCI benefits, fractures, and CVD)

Clinical follow-up surveys in 2012–2013

Bone mineral density measurements at the spine and hip by DXA

Vertebral fracture assessment by SXA

Fasting blood samples taken: fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, lipids, osteocalcin, ucOC, and high-sensitivity CRP assayed; and serum aliquots stored at –80°C

Interviews to obtain information on incidence of fractures, major diseases and treatments, health-related QOL (SF-36), geriatric depression scale, and ADL and IADL scales

Mini-mental state examination

Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure measurements

Ultrasonography at the carotid artery

Physical performance tests (grip strength, 10-m gait speed, one-foot standing balance with eyes open, and five times sit to stand test)

Supplemental mail or visit survey in 2013–2014

Questionnaire and interviews to obtain information on incidence of outcomes (death, LCI benefits, fractures, and CVD)

Clinical follow-up surveys in 2017–2019

Bone mineral density measurements at the spine and hip by DXA

Vertebral fracture assessment by SXA

Body composition measurements by DXA

Fasting blood samples taken: fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, lipids, osteocalcin, ucOC, and high-sensitivity CRP assayed; and serum aliquots stored at –80°C

Interviews to obtain information on incidence of fractures, major diseases and treatments, and health-related QOL (SF-36)

Mini-mental state examination

Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure measurements

Ultrasonography at the carotid artery and baPWV measurement

Physical performance tests (grip strength, 10-m gait speed, one-foot standing balance with eyes open, and five times sit to stand test)

Supplemental mail and telephone surveys in 2019

Questionnaire and interviews to obtain information on incidence of outcomes (death, LCI benefits, fractures, and CVD)

Ongoing

Inquiry to municipal office regarding LCI benefits, death, and moving out of study area