Table 1 Blood cobalt concentration (mean ± SD) according to demographics and lifestyle

Overall

1281 (100%)

0.20 ± 0.51

Age (years)

< 0.001

 < 60

720 (56.2%)

0.19 ± 0.57

 ≥ 60

561 (43.8%)

0.21 ± 0.40

Gender

< 0.001

 Male

602 (47.0%)

0.18 ± 0.38

 Female

679 (53.0%)

0.22 ± 0.60

Race

0.696

 Mexican American

180 (14.1%)

0.26 ± 1.10

 Other Hispanic

180 (14.1%)

0.16 ± 0.13

 Non-Hispanic White

503 (39.3%)

0.20 ± 0.42

 Non-Hispanic Black

261 (20.4%)

0.17 ± 0.13

 Other race–including multiracial

157 (12.3%)

0.20 ± 0.27

BMI (kg/m²)

0.061

 < 25

345 (26.9%)

0.18 ± 0.30

 25–30

436 (34.0%)

0.23 ± 0.73

 > 30

488 (38.1%)

0.19 ± 0.35

Alcohol use

0.001

 Yes

800 (62.5%)

0.19 ± 0.34

 No

385 (30.1%)

0.22 ± 0.77

PIR

0.248

 < 1

233 (18.2%)

0.23 ± 0.97

 ≥ 1

910 (71.0%)

0.19 ± 0.32

Education level

0.228

 Less than 9th grade

156 (12.2%)

0.27 ± 1.17

 9th–11th grade

146 (11.4%)

0.17 ± 0.25

 High school graduate/GED or equivalent

285 (22.2%)

0.20 ± 0.44

 Some college or AA degree

364 (28.4%)

0.19 ± 0.31

 College graduate or above

330 (25.8%)

0.18 ± 0.20