Table 4 Effect of chronic exposure of different concentrations of BPS (0.5 μg/L, 5 μg/L, and 50 μg/L) on sperm parameters and sperm number in epididymis of rats

Viable sperm (%)

93.49 ± 1.93

93.23 ± 2.13

92.92 ± 1.16

89.11 ± 1.19

Motile sperm (%)

77.87 ± 1.28

78.19 ± 1.77

73.86 ± 2.13

72.93 ± 1.06*

DSP (× 10⁶)

52.03 ± 0.78

50.60 ± 0.89

49.66 ± 0.93

47.26 ± 0.36**

Caput/carpus epididymis sperm number (× 10⁶/g organ)

307.65 ± 6.22

299.76 ± 5.26

287.27 ± 4.54*

287.35 ± 4.10*

Cauda epididymis sperm number (× 10⁶/g organ)

595.23 ± 15.26

597.84 ± 12.99

567.52 ± 13.21

549.05 ± 7.05*