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Table 6 Associations between conformity and recommendations from others and three preventive behaviors

From: Public perceptions, individual characteristics, and preventive behaviors for COVID-19 in six countries: a cross-sectional study

 

China

Italy

Japan

Korea

UK

US

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

Wearing a mask

 Conformity

2.36 (0.74–10.74)

1.13 (0.45–3.49)

5.18 (1.54–32.35)c

2.62 (0.83–12.08)

0.78 (0.49–1.21)

1.29 (0.83–2.05)

 Recommendations from family/friends

1.33 (0.70–2.70)

0.68 (0.33–1.53)

3.42 (1.19–14.48)c

1.05 (0.42–3.10)

1.41 (0.90–2.19)

1.27 (0.88–1.84)

 Recommendations from doctors/public health officials

2.04 (1.12–3.78)c

2.02 (1.34–3.06)a

2.84 (1.34–7.01)c

1.24 (0.51–3.53)

0.66 (0.48–0.90)b

1.82 (1.33–2.50)a

 Recommendations from politicians

1.00 (0.47–2.31)

1.60 (0.98–2.72)

1.39 (0.67–3.30)

1.09 (0.26–8.33)

0.56 (0.41–0.77)a

1.63 (1.15–2.33)b

Handwashing/using hand sanitizers

 Conformity

0.59 (0.23–1.73)

0.94 (0.17–17.83)

1.22 (0.52–3.39)

1.43 (0.51–5.22)

0.44 (0.18–1.21)

0.70 (0.30–1.78)

 Recommendations from family/friends

0.96 (0.51–1.89)

0.60 (0.15–3.99)

1.52 (0.62–4.61)

1.71 (0.60–6.32)

1.44 (0.39–9.40)

0.90 (0.41–2.15)

 Recommendations from doctors/public health officials

1.70 (0.92–3.20)

2.42 (0.98–6.34)

1.75 (0.85–4.13)

2.85 (0.95–12.42)

0.97 (0.40–2.37)

1.71 (0.81–3.79)

 Recommendations from politicians

1.74 (0.74–4.88)

0.60 (0.24–1.63)

1.21 (0.55–3.05)

1.83 (0.32–36.37)

0.91 (0.38–2.24)

2.68 (0.99–9.42)

Avoiding social gathering

 Conformity

0.78 (0.34–1.93)

0.76 (0.26–2.67)

1.41 (0.54–1.51)

1.11 (0.58–2.27)

0.85 (0.45–1.66)

1.20 (0.70–2.15)

 Recommendations from family/friends

1.17 (0.68–2.05)

0.48 (0.21–1.24)

1.13 (0.46–3.25)

0.73 (0.38–1.46)

0.72 (0.38–1.41)

1.23 (0.76–2.04)

 Recommendations from doctors/public health officials

1.22 (0.75–1.98)

1.54 (0.90–2.64)

1.44 (0.64–3.70)

1.40 (0.77–2.68)

1.05 (0.66–1.68)

2.14 (1.40–3.28)a

 Recommendations from politicians

0.66 (0.36–1.22)

1.16 (0.62–2.28)

1.09 (0.46–2.93)

0.94 (0.33–3.46)

1.70 (1.05–2.79)b

1.44 (0.90–2.34)

  1. Adjusted for gender, age (65 or more), residential area, living arrangement, income levels (five groups), perceived probability, perceived severity, perceived effectiveness, feeling anxiety, and region
  2. COVID-19, coronavirus diesease 2019; OR, odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence intervals
  3. aP-value < 0.001
  4. bP-value < 0.01
  5. cP-value < 0.05