Table 3 Associations between public perceptions, personal characteristics, and wearing a mask
China | Italy | Japan | Korea | UK | US | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
Age group | ||||||
Under 65 years old | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Over 65 years old | 1.05 (0.49–2.45) | 0.92 (0.54–1.61) | 1.41 (0.83–2.46) | 0.85 (0.39–2.07) | 0.29 (0.15–0.51)b | 1.29 (0.89–1.88) |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Male | 0.71 (0.41–1.22) | 0.90 (0.60–1.33) | 0.30 (0.19–0.46)b | 0.57 (0.29–1.06) | 1.29 (0.93–1.79) | 1.02 (0.74–1.40) |
Use public transportation | ||||||
No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Yes | 0.19 (0.11–0.31)b | 0.32 (0.19–0.56)b | 1.31 (0.81–2.16) | 1.80 (0.94–3.65) | 2.12 (1.45–3.10)b | 0.89 (0.56–1.42) |
Living urban | ||||||
No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Yes | 0.87 (0.45–1.61) | 1.37 (0.92–2.03) | 1.70 (1.03–2.90)d | 0.68 (0.35–1.27) | 1.52 (1.09–2.11)d | 1.59 (1.15–2.20)c |
Living alone | ||||||
No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Yes | 0.77 (0.45–1.34) | 0.83 (0.51–1.38) | 0.43 (0.28–0.68)b | 1.18 (0.55–2.74) | 0.88 (0.59–1.30) | 1.33 (0.93–1.90) |
Income group | ||||||
1st quintile | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
2nd quintile | 1.11 (0.52–2.38) | 1.31 (0.69–2.52) | 1.00 (0.53–1.87) | 2.21 (0.9–5.99) | 1.17 (0.69–1.98) | 1.6 (1.02–2.52)d |
3rd quintile | 1.37 (0.61–3.16) | 1.11 (0.61–2.02) | 0.69 (0.38–1.24) | 3.03 (1.26–8.13)d | 1.24 (0.75–2.09) | 2.27 (1.44–3.62)b |
4th quintile | 1.27 (0.57–2.90) | 1.42 (0.79–2.56) | 1.74 (0.84–3.72) | 1.85 (0.81–4.38) | 1.06 (0.63–1.80) | 2.05 (1.31–3.22)c |
5th quintile | 2.34 (0.94–6.30) | 1.48 (0.76–2.93) | 1.06 (0.51–2.24) | 9.19 (2.50–59.50)c | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) | 3.24 (1.93–5.53)b |
Feeling anxiety | ||||||
No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Yes | 1.40 (0.81–2.46) | 0.9 (0.60–1.34) | 2.11 (1.37–3.31)b | 1.67 (0.89–3.24) | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 1.31 (0.96–1.80) |
Perceived susceptibilitya | 0.83 (0.74–0.94)c | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.86 (0.75–1.00)d | 1.08 (1.01–1.14)d | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) |
Perceived severitya | 0.91 (0.83–0.99)d | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) | 0.97 (0.87–1.10) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1.07 (1.02–1.14)d |
Perceived effectiveness | ||||||
Not effective at all | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Slightly effective | 1.11 (0.04–32.35) | 1.51 (0.63–3.74) | 2.16 (1.01–4.62)d | 2.66 (0.52–14.81) | 1.92 (1.03–3.68)d | 1.66 (0.85–3.27) |
Moderately effective | 0.23 (0.01–1.51) | 1.09 (0.54–2.17) | 2.59 (1.28–5.19)c | 2.65 (0.65–10.52) | 4.08 (2.35–7.40)b | 2.45 (1.32–4.58)c |
Very effective | 0.50 (0.02–3.16) | 3.79 (1.83–7.72)b | 3.64 (1.69–7.87)b | 7.99 (1.96–31.42)c | 6.03 (3.35–11.31)b | 3.03 (1.65–5.56)b |
Extremely effective | 0.51 (0.03–3.14) | 4.14 (2.08–8.02)b | 3.59 (1.75–7.30)b | 7.89 (1.91–31.63)c | 9.23 (5.14–17.31)b | 4.81 (2.61–8.92)b |