Reproducibility and validity of food group intake in a short food frequency questionnaire for the middle-aged Japanese population

Imaeda, Nahomi; Goto, Chiho; Sasakabe, Tae; Mikami, Haruo; Oze, Isao; Hosono, Akihiro; Naito, Mariko; Miyagawa, Naoko; Ozaki, Etsuko; Ikezaki, Hiroaki; Nanri, Hinako; Nakahata, Noriko T.; Kamano, Sakurako K.; Kuriki, Kiyonori; Yaguchi, Yuri T.; Kayama, Takamasa; Kurihara, Ayako; Harada, Sei; Wakai, Kenji

doi:10.1186/s12199-021-00951-3

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

Table 2 Food group intakes (g/day) according to two FFQs, dietary records, and robust Z scores in men and women

From: Reproducibility and validity of food group intake in a short food frequency questionnaire for the middle-aged Japanese population

	FFQ1				FFQ2				DR				Robust Z score
Food group	Mean	(SD)	Median	IQR	Mean	(SD)	Median	IQR	Mean	(SD)	Median	IQR	FFQ1vs. FFQ2	DR vs. FFQ1	DR vs.FFQ2
Men
Energy (kcal)	2295	496	2228	1994–2546	2301	481	2200	1952–2583	2253	359	2226	2021–2498	− 0.1	0.0	− 0.1
Rice	447	189	453	308–571	425	153	434	325–530	377	128	364	296–467	− 0.1	0.7	0.6
Bread	53	50	41	15–84	52	44	47	16–80	50	32	47	26–68	0.1	− 0.2	0.0
Noodles	49	37	44	29–58	51	40	43	28–59	92	55	81	52–122	− 0.1	− 0.7	− 0.7
Potatoes	16	12	11	9–24	15	16	12	8–17	45	21	41	31–58	0.1	− 1.5	− 1.5
Soybean products	64	37	54	38–79	62	40	54	36–86	74	56	61	42–86	0.0	− 0.2	− 0.2
Green vegetables	60	36	50	35–78	62	44	52	34–76	118	68	97	68–159	0.0	− 0.7	− 0.7
Other vegetables	54	31	48	32–66	52	32	47	30–60	190	75	173	142–217	0.0	− 2.3	− 2.3
Fruit	47	47	31	20–66	44	43	26	16–67	129	109	96	45–185	− 0.2	− 0.6	− 0.7
Mushrooms	7	5	5	3–10	6	5	5	3–8	14	12	12	7–19	0.0	− 0.7	− 0.7
Seaweeds	1	1	1	1–1	1	1	1	1–2	13	11	10	5–18	0.0	− 1.0	− 1.0
Fish	46	24	39	31–58	47	25	43	30–60	80	41	73	53–102	0.2	− 0.9	− 0.8
Meat	39	18	34	25–49	43	24	37	28–58	106	38	104	78–131	0.2	− 1.8	− 1.7
Eggs	20	13	19	9–33	20	15	20	8–32	44	20	44	29–57	0.0	− 1.2	− 1.2
Milk	99	91	73	29–153	108	104	88	22–161	106	93	71	37–161	0.2	0.0	0.2
Oils	15	7	14	9–19	16	9	16	10–21	27	8	27	21–32	0.2	− 1.6	− 1.4
Confectionery	20	20	18	8–26	19	20	15	9–24	27	25	21	12–34	− 0.2	− 0.2	− 0.4
Green tea	278	239	220	44–440	270	248	192	56–465	246	255	178	58–326	− 0.1	0.2	0.1
Coffee	142	103	101	51–202	153	107	118	65–216	143	160	93	20–203	0.2	0.1	0.2
Alcoholic beverages	137	169	80	17–238	146	173	82	21–207	187	220	135	38–255	0.0	− 0.3	− 0.3
Soybean paste	13	10	11	7–15	12	10	10	5–15	11	7	10	7–14	− 0.3	0.3	− 0.1
Median for Z score for food intakes													0.0	− 0.6	− 0.7
Women
Energy (kcal)	1942	341	1935	1725–2092	1928	350	1890	1718–2105	1752	269	1720	1541–1902	− 0.2	0.8	0.6
Rice	273	98	272	205–358	260	92	267	183–329	234	79	226	180–295	0.0	0.5	0.5
Bread	46	37	43	14–70	48	37	44	20–70	49	26	48	32–64	0.0	− 0.2	− 0.2
Noodles	40	35	25	13–50	41	32	36	22–53	73	42	67	46–89	0.4	− 1.3	− 1.0
Potatoes	19	13	13	10–28	18	15	11	10–27	38	20	34	23–47	− 0.1	− 1.2	− 1.3
Soybean products	64	33	61	43–77	59	32	54	37–75	63	40	54	36–79	− 0.3	0.2	0.0
Green vegetables	89	53	79	53–108	82	50	72	50–99	108	47	100	73–136	− 0.2	− 0.4	− 0.6
Other vegetables	86	42	75	58–107	81	40	75	55–101	172	57	164	130–203	0.0	− 1.6	− 1.6
Fruit	64	48	53	24–89	59	45	49	25–84	117	76	105	63–153	− 0.1	− 0.8	− 0.8
Mushrooms	11	7	10	6–13	10	6	9	4–15	16	12	13	8–20	− 0.1	− 0.4	− 0.4
Seaweeds	2	2	1	1–3	2	1	1	1–2	11	9	9	5–14	− 0.2	− 1.1	− 1.2
Fish	46	24	43	29–55	43	20	42	29–52	62	29	57	42–80	0.0	− 0.5	− 0.5
Meat	45	21	42	31–58	44	17	41	32–57	73	26	70	54–93	0.0	− 1.0	− 1.0
Eggs	23	14	20	10–32	22	13	20	9–32	36	15	34	25–46	0.0	− 0.8	− 0.9
Milk	148	112	132	52–207	141	115	125	51–182	137	95	116	78–173	− 0.1	0.2	0.1
Oils	17	7	16	12–21	17	7	16	12–20	23	7	23	19–27	0.0	− 1.0	− 1.0
Confectionery	20	13	17	13– 24	23	17	20	13–29	37	23	32	23–47	0.4	− 0.9	− 0.7
Green tea	306	226	208	122–592	304	228	210	91–582	289	262	224	95–415	0.0	− 0.1	− 0.1
Coffee	155	106	170	79–216	155	106	192	78–210	128	123	90	24–203	0.2	0.6	0.8
Alcoholic beverages	42	98	8	0–49	42	106	13	− 2–51	72	136	32	1–77	0.1	− 0.4	− 0.3
Soybean paste	11	9	12	3–15	11	8	11	3–15	8	5	7	4–11	− 0.1	0.9	0.8
Median for Z score for food group intakes													0.0	− 0.4	− 0.5

The residual method was performed to adjust the energy intake. FFQ 47-item short food frequency questionnaire, DR four 3-day weighed dietary records at intervals of 3 months (12 days), SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range
Robust Z score = (Dx − Dref)/NIQR; Dref: median in reference dietary intake, NIQR: normalized interquartile range = interquartile range/1.349, Dx: median in evaluating dietary intake, 1.349 is the coefficient for converting IQR to a normal distribution

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