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Table 3 Prevalence differences and ratios in current smoking according to the SES indicators by survey year and sex

From: Time trends of socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking in Okinawa, Japan, 2008–2016: a repeated cross-sectional study

 

2008

2012

2016

P for trend c

Boys

Parental education

 Crude PD (95%CI)

8.5

(4.8, 12.3)

2.8

(−0.6, 6.2)

1.6

(−1.1, 4.3)

0.018

 Adjusted PD (95%CI)a

8.9

(5.2, 12.6)

2.7

(−0.8, 6.1)

2.1

(−0.4, 4.6)

0.016

 Crude PR (95%CI)

2.35

(1.54, 3.61)

1.42

(0.92, 2.19)

1.38

(0.79, 2.40)

0.082

 Adjusted PR (95%CI)a

2.38

(1.55, 3.64)

1.39

(0.90, 2.14)

1.38

(0.79, 2.41)

0.084

Family structure

 Crude PD (95%CI)

6.4

(1.5, 11.2)

4.3

(0.3, 8.4)

2.1

(−0.9, 5.2)

0.117

 Adjusted PD (95%CI)a

6.4

(1.6, 11.3)

4.4

(0.3, 8.4)

1.9

(−0.9, 4.8)

0.132b

 Crude PR (95%CI)

1.66

(1.18, 2.33)

1.67

(1.09, 2.57)

1.50

(0.88, 2.55)

0.494

 Adjusted PR (95%CI)a

1.65

(1.17, 2.32)

1.69

(1.11, 2.59)

1.54

(0.91, 2.61)

0.459

School type

 Crude PD (95%CI)

5.0

(1.0, 8.9)

8.5

(5.1, 12.0)

7.5

(4.4, 10.6)

0.467

 Adjusted PD (95%CI)a

5.3

(1.2, 9.4)

8.6

(5.2, 12.0)

7.4

(4.3, 10.5)b

0.369b

 Crude PR (95%CI)

1.51

(1.11, 2.06)

2.95

(1.96, 4.44)

4.18

(2.50, 7.00)

<0.001

 Adjusted PR (95%CI)a

1.56

(1.14, 2.13)

2.95

(1.96, 4.43)

4.07

(2.43, 6.80)

<0.001

Girls

Parental education

 Crude PD (95%CI)

4.1

(0.9, 7.2)

2.7

(0.6, 4.7)

2.2

(0.6, 3.7)

0.132

 Adjusted PD (95%CI)a

3.6

(0.6, 6.7)

2.6

(0.6, 4.6)

2.2

(0.6, 3.7)b

0.213b

 Crude PR (95%CI)

1.90

(1.11, 3.24)

2.49

(1.18, 5.26)

3.85

(1.14, 13.00)

0.516

 Adjusted PR (95%CI)a

1.87

(1.09, 3.19)

2.41

(1.14, 5.10)

3.84

(1.14, 12.95)

0.510

Family structure

 Crude PD (95%CI)

6.2

(2.5, 9.9)

4.8

(2.0, 7.6)

1.4

(−0.4, 3.2)

0.025

 Adjusted PD (95%CI)a

6.3

(2.6, 10.1)

4.9

(2.1, 7.7)

1.6

(−0.2, 3.3)

0.066b

 Crude PR (95%CI)

2.38

(1.53, 3.70)

3.96

(2.11, 7.41)

2.00

(0.91, 4.36)

0.994

 Adjusted PR (95%CI)a

2.40

(1.55, 3.73)

4.07

(2.18, 7.61)

2.07

(0.95, 4.51)

0.990

School type

 Crude PD (95%CI)

3.2

(0.2, 6.3)

3.1

(0.7, 5.5)

2.6

(0.8, 4.4)

0.570

 Adjusted PD (95%CI)a

2.8

(−0.4, 5.9)

3.2

(0.8, 5.6)

2.7

(0.9, 4.5)

0.722b

 Crude PR (95%CI)

1.62

(1.06, 2.49)

2.59

(1.41, 4.76)

3.50

(1.62, 7.59)

0.053

 Adjusted PR (95%CI)a

1.61

(1.05, 2.46)

2.62

(1.43, 4.82)

3.44

(1.59, 7.46)

0.054

  1. PD prevalence difference (%), PR prevalence ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. aAdjusted for grade and region
  3. bGeneralized linear model with normal distribution and identify link function
  4. cWald test of the interaction term between each SES indicator and survey year
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

ISSN: 1347-4715

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