Table 2 Association of HAP exposure and other risk factors with under-five mortality

 Clean

Ref

Ref

 Biomass fuel

1.33

1.03–1.71

1.35

1.07–1.71

 Charcoal

1.32

1.00–1.74

Year

0.90

0.80–1.03

0.90

0.80–1.03

 Male

Ref

Ref

 Female

0.82

0.78–0.86

0.82

0.78–0.86

 Poorest

Ref

Ref

 Poorer

0.95

0.87–1.04

0.95

0.87–1.05

 Middle

0.81

0.73–0.89

0.81

0.73–0.91

 Richer

0.74

0.64–0.86

0.74

0.64–0.87

 Richest

0.58

0.51–0.67

0.59

0.50–0.69

 Urban

Ref

 Rural

1.03

0.88–1.21

1.03

0.88–1.20

Birth order

1.05

1.03–1.07

1.05

1.03–1.07

 Under five children in HH

0.38

0.30–0.49

0.38

0.30–0.49

 Maternal age at birth

0.99

0.98–1.00

0.99

0.98–1.00

 None

Ref

Ref

 Primary

0.91

0.78–1.07

0.91

0.78–1.07

 Secondary

0.69

0.57–0.84

0.69

0.57–0.84

 Higher

0.55

0.43–0.70

0.55

0.43–0.70

 Unemployed

Ref

Ref

 Professional

0.97

0.80–1.18

0.97

0.80–1.18

 Clerical/sales

1.16

1.04–1.29

1.16

1.04–1.30

 Agriculture

1.12

1.03–1.20

1.11

1.03–1.20

 Services

1.31

1.07–1.59

1.31

1.07–1.59

 Manual

1.04

0.92–1.18

1.04

0.92–1.18

Maternal smoking

1.15

0.82–1.62

1.15

0.82–1.62

Breastfed

0.09

0.05–0.18

0.09

0.05–0.18

 Inside

Ref

Ref

 Separate building

0.85

0.73–0.98

0.84

0.74–0.97

 Outside

0.75

0.64–0.87

0.75

0.64–0.87

 Never

Ref

 Daily

1.10

0.90–1.35

1.10

0.90–1.35

 < 1/month

1.14

0.91–1.43

1.14

0.91–1.43