Table 3 Multivariate analysis between two periods using logistic regression for food groups pattern
Food groups pattern | Multiple-choice responses | Before n (%) | During n (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red meat | Never | 32 (7.7) | 42 (10.1) | - | - |
Less than 1/w | 72 (17.3) | 86 (20.7) | 0.91 (0.52–1.58) | 1.00 (0.51–1.95) | |
1–2/w | 205 (49.4) | 197 (47.5) | 0.73 (0.44–1.20) | 0.97 (0.52–1.81) | |
3–4/w | 94 (22.7) | 75 (18.1) | 0.61 (0.35–1.05) | 0.80 (0.40–1.59) | |
5–6/w | 5 (1.2) | 9 (2.2) | 1.37 (0.43–4.83) | 1.27 (0.33–5.24) | |
7 or more | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.5) | 0.51 (0.06–3.24) | 0.82 (0.09–6.48) | |
I don’t know | 4 (1.0) | 4 (1.0) | 0.76 (0.17–3.44) | 1.27 (0.21–7.79) | |
Chicken | Never | 15 (3.6) | 20 (4.8) | - | - |
Less than 1/w | 18 (4.3) | 27 (6.5) | 1.12 (0.46–2.77) | 1.85 (0.64–5.40) | |
1–2/w | 149 (35.9) | 143 (34.5) | 0.72 (0.35–1.45) | 1.35 (0.55–3.26) | |
3–4/w | 172 (41.4) | 164 (39.5) | 0.72 (0.35–1.44) | 1.24 (0.51–2.99) | |
5–6/w | 44 (10.6) | 47 (11.3) | 0.80 (0.36–1.75) | 1.14 (0.43–2.99) | |
7 or more | 13 (3.1) | 11 (2.7) | 0.63 (0.22–1.80) | 0.72 (0.20–2.55) | |
I don’t know | 4 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | 0.56 (0.10–2.92) | 0.48 (0.06–3.77) | |
Fish and sea food | Never | 44 (10.6) | 110 (26.5) | - | - |
Less than 1/w | 131 (31.6) | 137 (33.0) | 0.42 (0.27–0.64) | 0.36 (0.22–0.58) | |
1–2/w | 195 (47.0) | 143 (34.5) | 0.29 (0.19–0.44) | 0.25 (0.15–0.40) | |
3–4/w | 36 (8.7) | 18 (4.3) | 0.20 (0.10–0.38) | 0.15 (0.07–0.31) | |
5–6/w | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0.40 (0.02–10.26) | 0.23 (0.01–9.79) | |
7 or more | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 0.20 (0.01–2.14) | 0.17 (0.01–2.14) | |
I don’t know | 6 (1.4) | 5 (1.2) | 0.33 (0.09–1.16) | 0.27 (0.05–1.34) | |
Processed meat | Never | 284 (68.4) | 288 (69.4) | - | - |
Less than 1/w | 74 (17.8) | 67 (16.1) | 0.89 (0.62–1.29) | 0.92 (0.61–1.40) | |
1–2/w | 38 (9.2) | 29 (7.0) | 0.75 (0.45–1.25) | 0.75 (0.41–1.33) | |
3–4/w | 13 (3.1) | 21 (5.1) | 1.59 (0.79–3.32) | 1.82 (0.81–4.18) | |
5–6/w | 2 (0.5) | 4 (1.0) | 1.97 (0.38–14.31) | 1.10 (0.18–9.19) | |
7 or more | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | - | - | |
I don’t know | 4 (1.0) | 5 (1.2) | 1.23 (0.32–5.02) | 1.56 (0.25–11.85) | |
Canned fish | Never | 219 (52.8) | 241 (58.1) | - | - |
Less than 1/w | 132 (31.8) | 99 (23.9) | 0.68 (0.49–0.94) | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | |
1–2/w | 46 (11.1) | 48 (11.6) | 0.95 (0.61–1.48) | 1.26 (0.77–2.07) | |
3–4/w | 10 (2.4) | 15 (3.6) | 1.36 (0.61–3.19) | 1.50 (0.61–3.77) | |
5–6/w | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.7) | 2.73 (0.35–55.33) | 1.11 (0.06–50.08) | |
7 or more | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | - | - | |
I do not know | 7 (1.7) | 8 (1.9) | 1.04 (0.37–3.01) | 0.98 (0.27–3.53) | |
Fruit | None | 33 (8.0) | 38 (9.2) | - | - |
Less than 1/d | 129 (31.1) | 121 (29.2) | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | 0.76 (0.41–1.41) | |
1/d | 157 (37.8) | 147 (35.4) | 0.81 (0.48–1.36) | 0.82 (0.44–1.55) | |
2/d | 62 (14.9) | 76 (18.3) | 1.06 (0.60–1.89) | 1.16 (0.57–2.35) | |
3/d | 17 (4.1) | 18 (4.3) | 0.92 (0.41–2.08) | 1.29 (0.49–3.38) | |
4 or more | 9 (2.2) | 7 (1.7) | 0.68 (0.22–2.01) | 0.71 (0.19–2.51) | |
I do not know | 8 (1.9) | 8 (1.9) | 0.87 (0.29–2.61) | 1.06 (0.25–4.45) | |
Vegetables | None | 29 (7.0) | 34 (8.2) | - | - |
Less than 1/d | 93 (22.4) | 96 (23.1) | 0.88 (0.50–1.56) | 1.09 (0.57–2.09) | |
1/d | 151 (36.4) | 140 (33.7) | 0.79 (0.46–1.36) | 0.97 (0.51–1.85) | |
2/d | 85 (20.5) | 89 (21.4) | 0.89 (0.50–1.59) | 0.92 (0.46–1.82) | |
3/d | 32 (7.7) | 38 (9.2) | 1.01 (0.51–2.01) | 1.02 (0.45–2.31) | |
4 or more | 17 (4.1) | 9 (2.2) | 0.45 (0.17–1.14) | 0.46 (0.15–1.34) | |
I do not know | 8 (1.9) | 9 (2.2) | 0.96 (0.33–2.86) | 1.02 (0.27–3.90) | |
Bread group | Other | 10 (2.4) | 7 (1.7) | - | - |
White | 178 (42.9) | 199 (48.0) | 1.60 (0.60–4.48) | 1.44 (0.46–4.72) | |
Brown/brown seeds | 183 (44.1) | 164 (39.5) | 1.28 (0.48–3.60) | 1.13 (0.37–3.65) | |
Whole wheat | 39 (9.4) | 40 (9.6) | 1.47 (0.51–4.40) | 1.55 (0.47–5.31) | |
Seeds | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - | - | |
None | 5 (1.2) | 5 (1.2) | 1.43 (0.29–7.12) | 2.33 (0.39–14.37) | |
Milk group | None | 97 (23.4) | 99 (23.9) | - | - |
Whole milk | 124 (29.9) | 128 (30.8) | 1.01 (0.70–1.47) | 1.15 (0.76–1.76) | |
Semi-skimmed | 99 (23.9) | 103 (24.8) | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) | 1.14 (0.73–1.78) | |
Skimmed | 56 (13.5) | 47 (11.3) | 0.82 (0.51–1.33) | 1.09 (0.64–1.87) | |
Soy milk | 4 (1.0) | 5 (1.2) | 1.22 (0.32–5.08) | 1.93 (0.45–8.71) | |
Almond milk | 21 (5.1) | 15 (3.6) | 0.70 (0.34–1.43) | 0.94 (0.40–2.18) | |
Other (rice/goat milk) | 11 (2.7) | 13 (3.1) | 1.16 (0.49–2.76) | 1.07 (0.41–2.84) | |
Do not know | 3 (0.7) | 5 (1.2) | 1.63 (0.39–8.14) | 2.60 (0.37–23.68) | |
Fat type | None | 19 (4.6) | 13 (3.1) | - | - |
Butter | 21 (5.1) | 19 (4.6) | 1.32 (0.52–3.43) | 1.14 (0.39–3.40) | |
Vegetable oil | 234 (56.4) | 241 (58.1) | 1.51 (0.73–3.19) | 1.58 (0.69–3.75) | |
Olive oil | 109 (26.3) | 107 (25.8) | 1.43 (0.68–3.11) | 1.49 (0.64–3.61) | |
Ghee/lard | 7 (1.7) | 8 (1.9) | 1.67 (0.49–5.90) | 1.52 (0.40–5.95) | |
Others | 9 (2.2) | 10 (2.4) | 1.62 (0.52–5.20) | 1.59 (0.45–5.77) | |
Do not know | 16 (3.9) | 17 (4.1) | 1.55 (0.58–4.20) | 1.86 (0.59–6.00) | |
Type of snack | |||||
Biscuit | No | 346 (83.4) | 320 (77.1) | - | - |
Yes | 69 (16.6) | 95 (22.9) | 1.49 (1.06–2.11) | 1.86 (1.26–2.75) | |
Crisps | No | 289 (69.6) | 284 (68.4) | - | - |
Yes | 126 (30.4) | 131 (31.6) | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | 0.90 (0.63–1.27) | |
Chocolate | No | 236 (56.9) | 229 (55.2) | - | - |
Yes | 179 (43.1) | 186 (44.8) | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 1.12 (0.83–1.53) | |
Nuts | No | 283 (68.2) | 276 (66.5) | - | - |
Yes | 132 (31.8) | 139 (33.5) | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | 1.05 (0.75–1.45) | |
Vegetables and fruits | No | 300 (72.3) | 284 (68.4) | - | - |
Yes | 115 (27.7) | 131 (31.6) | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | 1.28 (0.90–1.82) | |