Table 4 Logistic regression to identify factors associated with any tobacco and both smoked and smokeless tobacco use among men, India 2015–2016^a

Demographic factors

 Age of the respondents

  15–24

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  25–34

2.62 (2.48–2.77)

< 0.001

1.65 (1.53–1.78)

< 0.001

2.04 (1.88–2.21)

< 0.001

1.35 (1.21–1.50)

< 0.001

  35–44

3.40 (3.22–3.59)

< 0.001

1.90 (1.74–2.08)

< 0.001

2.22 (2.04–2.43)

< 0.001

1.34 (1.18–1.52)

< 0.001

  45–54

3.63 (3.43–3.83)

< 0.001

2.14 (1.96–2.35)

< 0.001

2.25 (2.05–2.47)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.26–1.64)

< 0.001

 Marital status

  Single

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Married

3.14 (3.01–3.28)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.26–1.46)

< 0.001

2.12 (1.96–2.30)

< 0.001

1.06 (0.945–1.20)

0.3118

  Separated/divorced/widowed

6.02 (5.04–7.19)

< 0.001

2.13 (1.68–2.70)

< 0.001

3.94 (3.20–4.84)

< 0.001

1.56 (1.22–1.98)

< 0.001

Sociocultural factors

 Education

  No education

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Primary

0.853 (0.792–0.918)

< 0.001

0.991 (0.915–1.07)

0.830

0.824 (0.754–0.899)

< 0.001

0.919 (0.830–1.02)

0.104

  Secondary

0.335 (0.315–0.356)

< 0.001

0.673 (0.620–0.731)

< 0.001

0.424 (0.391–0.460)

< 0.001

0.737 (0.659–0.824)

< 0.001

  Higher

0.159 (0.146–0.173)

< 0.001

0.444 (0.398–0.496)

< 0.001

0.176 (0.153–0.202)

< 0.001

0.450 (0.375–0.540)

< 0.001

 Occupation

  Not working

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Professional/technical/managerial/services

2.41 (2.25–2.57)

<0.001

1.54 (1.42–1.67)

< 0.001

1.96 (1.75–2.19)

< 0.001

1.46 (1.28–1.66)

< 0.001

  Agriculture

4.62 (4.35–4.91)

< 0.001

1.81 (1.67–1.95)

< 0.001

3.20 (2.87–3.57)

< 0.001

1.47 (1.30–1.66)

< 0.001

  Skilled/unskilled manual

4.95 (4.63–5.29)

< 0.001

2.21 (2.04–2.40)

< 0.001

3.57 (3.20–3.98)

< 0.001

1.67 (1.47–1.90)

< 0.001

 Ethnicity

 Caste

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 Tribe

1.67 (1.54–1.80)

< 0.001

1.01 (0.930–1.11)

0.741

1.43 (1.29–1.58)

< 0.001

0.726 (0.648–0.814)

< 0.001

 No caste/tribe

1.06 (0.946–1.19)

0.313

1.15 (0.989–1.34)

0.068

0.741 (0.606–0.906)

0.003

0.781 (0.636–0.958)

0.0180

 Alcohol consuming

  No

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Yes

4.54 (4.30–4.80)

<0.001

5.22(4.88-5.59)

< 0.001

4.84 (4.53–5.18)

< 0.001

4.90 (4.55–5.28)

< 0.001

 Religion

  Hindu

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Muslim

1.02 (0.944–1.11)

0.57

1.28 (1.17–1.40)

0.081

0.948 (0.859–1.05)

0.296

1.37 (1.23–1.52)

< 0.001

  Others

0.603 (0.554–0.657)

< 0.001

0.529 (0.473–0.592)

0.265

0.687 (0.594–0.794)

< 0.001

0.763 (0.651–0.895)

< 0.001

 Household’s wealth index

  Poorest

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Poorer

0.709 (0.667–0.753)

< 0.001

0.963 (0.896–1.03)

0.302

0.659 (0.609–0.713)

< 0.001

0.917 (0.839–1.00)

0.053

  Middle

0.487 (0.459–0.517)

< 0.001

0.789 (0.733–0.849)

< 0.001

0.445 (0.409–0.485)

< 0.001

0.818 (0.735–0.909)

< 0.001

  Richer

0.368 (0.344–0.393)

< 0.001

0.664 (0.607–0.727)

< 0.001

0.322 (0.291–0.356)

< 0.001

0.681 (0.598–0.775)

< 0.001

  Richest

0.239 (0.221–0.259)

< 0.001

0.482 (0.435–0.534)

< 0.001

0.207 (0.180–0.239)

< 0.001

0.512 (0.428–0.613)

< 0.001

Spatial factors

 Place of residence

  Rural

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Urban

0.680 (0.645–0.719)

< 0.001

1.10 (1.03–1.17)

0.003

0.667 (0.613–0.730)

< 0.001

1.13 (1.02–1.23)

0.016

 Region

  South

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  West

1.72 (1.57–1.88)

< 0.001

3.23 (2.91–3.58)

< 0.001

1.71 (1.40–2.09)

< 0.001

2.82 (2.33–3.43)

< 0.001

  North-East

4.26 (3.84–4.72)

< 0.001

5.22 (4.57–5.98)

< 0.001

8.02 (6.90–9.34)

< 0.001

8.50 (7.17–10.1)

< 0.001

  East

2.75 (2.53–2.99)

< 0.001

3.26 (2.95–3.60)

< 0.001

4.14 (3.58–4.78)

< 0.001

4.11 (3.52–4.80)

< 0.001

  Central

2.83 (2.65–3.04)

< 0.001

4.23 (3.89–4.59)

< 0.001

5.15 (4.51–5.88)

< 0.001

6.11 (5.33–7.00)

< 0.001

  North

1.36 (1.26–1.46)

< 0.001

2.35 (2.15–2.57)

< 0.001

1.80 (1.55–2.11)

< 0.001

2.72 (2.32–3.19)

< 0.001

Access to information

 Reading newspaper or magazine

  Not at all

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Less than once a week

0.604 (0.566–0.645)

< 0.001

0.913 (0.841–0.990)

0.0274

0.701 (0.634–0.776)

< 0.001

0.978 (0.868–1.10)

0.711

  At least once a week

0.468 (0.443–0.494)

< 0.001

0.884 (0.823–0.949)

< 0.001

0.554 (0.513–0.598)

< 0.001

0.975 (0.884–1.08)

0.614

  Almost every day

0.323 (0.305–0.342)

< 0.001

0.811 (0.750–0.876)

< 0.001

0.346 (0.317–0.377)

< 0.001

0.903 (0.800–1.02)

0.103

 Frequency of watching television

  Not at all

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Less than once a week

0.929 (0.865–0.997)

0.042

1.11 (1.02–1.20)

0.014

1.05 (0.956–1.16)

0.291

1.23 (1.10–1.37)

0.132

  At least once a week

0.731 (0.684–0.781)

< 0.001

1.08 (0.995–1.17)

0.065

0.802 (0.734–0.876)

< 0.001

1.15 (1.04–1.28)

0.527

  Almost every day

0.454 (0.429–0.481)

< 0.001

1.06 (0.983–1.14)

0.129

0.447 (0.410–0.487)

< 0.001

1.22 (1.05–1.42)

0.325

 Frequency of listening radio

  Not at all

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Less than once a week

1.07 (0.999–1.15)

0.054

1.09 (1.00–1.18)

0.043

1.33 (1.20–1.47)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.22–1.64)

< 0.001

  At least once a week

0.832 (0.779–0.888)

< 0.001

0.955 (0.878–1.04)

0.279

0.980 (0.884–1.09)

0.699

1.28 (1.11–1.47)

0.009

  Almost every day

0.678 (0.624–0.737)

< 0.001

0.946 (0.862–1.04)

0.240

0.791 (0.687–0.910)

0.001

1.30 (1.07–1.59)

0.010