Table 3 Logistic regression to identify factors associated with smoking and smokeless tobacco use among men, India 2015–2016^a

Demographic factors

 Age of the respondents

  15–24

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  25–34

2.27 (2.11–2.43)

< 0.001

1.50 (1.36–1.65)

< 0.001

2.15 (2.04–2.26)

< 0.001

1.43 (1.33–1.55)

< 0.001

  35–44

3.02 (2.82–3.23)

< 0.001

1.87 (1.69–2.06)

< 0.001

2.29 (2.16–2.43)

< 0.001

1.34 (1.23–1.47)

< 0.001

  45–54

3.79 (3.55–4.05)

< 0.001

2.46 (2.21–2.74)

< 0.001

1.96 (1.85–2.08)

< 0.001

1.19 (1.08–1.30)

< 0.001

 Marital status

  Single

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Married

2.51 (2.37–2.66)

< 0.001

1.03 (0.939–1.14)

0.496

2.39 (2.28–2.50)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.33–1.56)

< 0.001

  Separated/divorced/widowed

4.59 (3.87–5.43)

< 0.001

1.70 (1.38–2.10)

< 0.001

3.39 (2.86–4.01)

< 0.001

1.60 (1.25–2.05)

< 0.001

Sociocultural factors

 Education

  No education

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Primary

0.822 (0.766–0.882)

< 0.001

0.929 (0.856–1.01)

0.078

0.941 (0.877-1.01)

0.09

1.03 (0.945–1.12)

0.527

  Secondary

0.397 (0.374–0.421)

< 0.001

0.650 (0.597–0.708)

< 0.001

0.506 (0.476-0.538)

< 0.001

0.880 (0.806–0.960)

0.004

  Higher

0.260 (0.235–0.287)

< 0.001

0.512 (0.453–0.579)

< 0.001

0.207 (0.190-0.225)

< 0.001

0.530 (0.470–0.599)

< 0.001

 Occupation

  Not working

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Professional/technical/managerial/services

2.29 (2.10–2.49)

< 0.001

1.38 (1.25-1.52)

< 0.001

1.96 (1.83–2.11)

<0.001

1.62 (1.49-1.76)

< 0.001

  Agriculture

3.12 (2.89–3.37)

< 0.001

1.52 (1.39-1.68)

< 0.001

3.79 (3.55–4.04)

< 0.001

1.77 (1.63–1.91)

< 0.001

  Skilled/unskilled manual

3.28 (3.02–3.57)

< 0.001

1.55 (1.40–1.72)

< 0.001

4.07 (3.80–4.37)

< 0.001

2.25 (2.07–2.45)

< 0.001

 Ethnicity

  Caste

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Tribe

1.14 (1.06–1.24)

< 0.001

0.830 (0.758–0.910)

< 0.001

1.75 (1.60–1.90)

< 0.001

0.977 (0.893–1.07)

0.605

  No caste/tribe

1.52 (1.33–1.73)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.23–1.64)

< 0.001

0.611 (0.526–0.711)

< 0.001

0.682 (0.561–0.829)

< 0.001

 Alcohol consuming

  No

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Yes

4.67 (4.42–4.93)

< 0.001

4.33 (4.08–4.60)

< 0.001

2.39 (2.28–2.51)

< 0.001

2.71 (2.56–2.86)

< 0.001

 Religion

  Hindu

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Muslim

1.18 (1.09–1.29)

< 0.001

1.51 (1.38–1.66)

< 0.001

0.870 (0.799–0.947)

0.001

1.02 (0.930–1.12)

0.649

  Others

0.786 (0.707–0.874)

0.342

0.666 (0.589–0.754)

< 0.001

0.575 (0.519–0.637)

< 0.001

0.635 (0.569–0.709)

< 0.001

 Household’s wealth index

  Poorest

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Poorer

0.892 (0.837–0.952)

< 0.001

1.09 (1.01–1.18)

0.021

0.645 (0.608–0.684)

< 0.001

0.885 (0.826–0.948)

< 0.001

  Middle

0.755 (0.709–0.805)

< 0.001

0.999 (0.913–1.09)

0.973

0.425 (0.399–0.453)

< 0.001

0.764 (0.708–0.825)

< 0.001

  Richer

0.652 (0.605–0.703)

< 0.001

0.921 (0.832–1.02)

0.111

0.308 (0.287–0.330)

< 0.001

0.631 (0.576–0.692)

< 0.001

  Richest

0.499 (0.452–0.550)

< 0.001

0.786 (0.690–0.896)

< 0.001

0.191 (0.175–0.209)

< 0.001

0.437 (0.386–0.495)

< 0.001

Spatial factors

 Place of residence

  Rural

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Urban

0.869 (0.82–0.93)

< 0.001

1.13 (1.05–1.22)

< 0.001

0.62 (0.578–0.668)

< 0.001

1.04 (0.970–1.18)

0.273

 Region

  South

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  West

0.453 (0.400–0.513)

< 0.001

0.673 (0.591–0.766)

< 0.001

5.51 (4.94–6.15)

< 0.001

8.40 (7.51–9.40)

< 0.001

  North-east

1.92 (1.74–2.12)

< 0.001

1.98 (1.76–2.23)

< 0.001

8.76 (7.84–9.79)

< 0.001

9.38 (8.19–10.7)

< 0.001

  East

1.18 (1.07–1.29)

< 0.001

1.26 (1.13–1.41)

< 0.001

6.31 (5.69–6.98)

< 0.001

6.18 (5.50–6.94)

< 0.001

  Central

1.09 (1.01–1.17)

0.028

1.38 (1.27–1.50)

< 0.001

7.47 (6.84–8.15)

< 0.001

8.52 (7.74–9.39)

< 0.001

  North

1.12 (1.03–1.21)

0.007

1.73 (1.58–1.90)

< 0.001

1.94 (1.76–2.15))

< 0.001

2.62 (2.35–2.92)

< 0.001

Access to information

 Reading newspaper or magazine

  Not at all

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Less than once a week

0.632 (0.589–0.677)

< 0.001

0.950 (0.872–1.04)

0.249

0.749 (0.702–0.799)

< 0.001

0.945 (0.874–1.02)

0.155

  At least once a week

0.577 (0.543–0.613)

< 0.001

0.946 (0.877–1.02)

0.150

0.553 (0.522–0.585)

< 0.001

0.924 (0.857–0.997)

0.042

  Almost every day

0.479 (0.447–0.513)

< 0.001

0.865 (0.794–0.942)

< 0.001

0.346 (0.326–0.368)

< 0.001

0.875 (0.804–0.953)

0.002

 Frequency of watching television

  Not at all

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Less than once a week

0.984 (0.912–1.06)

0.666

1.10 (1.01–1.20)

0.032

0.964 (0.895–1.04)

0.33

1.05 (0.962–1.15)

0.272

  At least once a week

0.927 (0.863–0.996)

0.039

1.13 (1.03–1.23)

0.007

0.695 (0.649–0.744)

< 0.001

0.982 (0.906–1.06)

0.660

  Almost every day

0.740 (0.695–0.788)

< 0.001

1.14 (1.04–1.25)

0.005

0.389 (0.366–0.412)

< 0.001

0.924 (0.854–1.00)

0.052

 Frequency of listening radio

  Not at all

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

  Less than once a week

1.14 (1.06–1.24)

< 0.001

1.16 (1.06–1.26)

0.001

1.08 (1.00–1.17)

0.047

1.06 (0.970–1.16)

0.194

  At least once a week

1.06 (0.979–1.15)

0.15

1.13 (1.03–1.23)

0.009

0.751 (0.695–0.812)

< 0.001

0.892 (0.821–0.969)

0.006

  Almost every day

0.966 (0.880–1.06)

0.47

1.12 (1.02–1.24)

0.021

0.576 (0.523–0.633)

< 0.001

0.886 (0.796–0.986)

0.026