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Table 2 Characteristics of the study population and prevalence of any tobacco and both smoked and smokeless tobacco use among Indian men by socio-demographic characteristics, India 2015–2016

From: Prevalence and factors associated with tobacco use among men in India: findings from a nationally representative data

Factors

 

Any tobacco

Both smoked and smokeless

Total N (%)b

n (%)b

p value % (95% CI)

n (%)b

p value % (95% CI)

Overall

112,122 (100)

51,039 (100)

45.5 (44.9–46.1)

9398 (100)

8.4 (8.1–8.7)

Demographic factors

     

 Age of the respondents

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  15–24

35,364 (31.5)

9656 (18.9)

27.3 (26.5–28.1)

1731 (18.4)

4.9 (4.6–5.2)

  25–34

30,775 (27.5)

15,269 (29.9)

49.6 (48.6–50.7)

2922 (31.1)

9.5 (9.0–10.0)

  35–44

25,821 (23.0)

14,486 (28.4)

56.1 (55.1–57.1)

2653 (28.2)

10.3 (9.8–10.8)

  45–54

20,162 (18.0)

11,628 (22.8)

57.7 (56.6–58.8)

2092 (22.3)

10.4 (9.8–11.0)

 Marital status

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  Single

39,763 (35.5)

11,092 (21.7)

27.9 (27.1–28.7)

1993 (21.2)

5.0 (4.7–5.4)

  Married

70781 (63.1)

38,843 (76.1)

54.9 (54.2–55.6)

7134 (75.9)

10.1 (9.7–10.4)

  Separated/divorced/widowed

1578 (1.4)

1104 (2.2)

70.0 (66.2–73.5)

272 (2.9)

17.2 (14.5–20.1)

Sociocultural factors

     

 Education

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  No education

14,590 (13.0)

9985 (19.6)

68.4 (67.2–69.7)

2275 (24.2)

15.6 (14.7–16.5)

  Primary

14,091 (12.6)

9145 (17.9)

64.9 (63.7–66.1)

1861 (19.8)

13.2 (12.5–14.0)

  Secondary

64,010 (57.1)

26,934 (52.8)

42.1 (41.4–42.7)

4651 (49.5)

7.3 (7.0–7.6)

  Higher

19,431 (17.3)

4975 (9.7)

25.6 (24.4–26.8)

611 (6.5)

3.1 (2.8–3.5)

 Occupation

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  Not working

24,623 (22.0)

5449 (10.7)

22.1 (21.3–23.0)

881 (9.4)

3.6 (3.3–3.9)

  Professional/technical/managerial/services

28,191 (25.2)

11,454 (22.5)

40.6 (39.5–41.8)

1910 (20.4)

6.8 (6.3–7.3)

  Agriculture

30,202 (27.0)

17,144 (33.6)

56.8 (55.9–57.6)

3208 (34.1)

10.6 (10.1–11.1)

  Skilled/unskilled manual

28,911 (25.8)

16,895 (33.2)

58.4 (57.4–59.5)

3384 (36.1)

11.7 (11.1–12.3)

 Ethnicity

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  Caste

99,554 (89.6)

44,383 (87.9)

44.6 (44.0–45.2)

8198 (88.3)

8.2 (8.0–8.5)

  Tribe

7003 (6.3)

4010 (7.9)

57.3 (55.4–59.1)

795 (8.6)

11.4 (10.4–12.3)

  No caste/tribe

4595 (4.1)

2116 (4.2)

46.0 (43.2–48.9)

287 (3.1)

6.2 (5.1–7.5)

 Consuming alcohol

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  No

79,036 (70.5)

27,582 (54.0)

34.9 (34.3–35.5)

3433 (36.5)

4.3 (4.1–4.6)

  Yes

33,086 (29.5)

23,457 (46.0)

70.9 (69.9–71.9)

5965 (63.5)

18.0 (17.4–18.7)

 Religion

  

P < 0.001

 

P = 0.075

  Hindu

91,390 (81.5)

42,115 (82.5)

46.1 (45.4–46.7)

7831 (83.3)

8.6 (8.3–8.9)

  Muslim

14,790 (13.2)

6903 (13.5)

46.7 (44.8–48.6)

1207 (12.9)

8.2 (7.5–8.9)

  Others

5942 (5.3)

2021 (4.0)

34.0 (32.2–35.9)

359 (3.8)

6.0 (5.3–6.9)

 Household’s wealth index

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  Poorest

16,441 (14.7)

10,552 (20.7)

64.2 (63.1–65.3)

2671 (28.4)

16.2 (15.5–17.0)

  Poorer

20,904 (18.6)

11,693 (22.9)

55.9 (54.8–57.0)

2369 (25.2)

11.3 (10.7–11.9)

  Middle

23,687 (21.1)

11,038 (21.6)

46.6 (45.6–47.6)

1883 (20.0)

8.0 (7.5–8.4)

  Richer

24,976 (22.3)

9923 (19.4)

39.7 (38.6–40.8)

1467 (15.6)

5.9 (5.4–6.3)

Spatial factors

     

 Place of residence

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  Rural

69,170 (61.7)

34,004 (66.6)

49.2 (48.6–49.8)

6579 (70.0)

9.5 (9.2–9.8)

  Urban

42,952 (38.3)

17,035 (33.4)

39.7 (38.5–40.8)

2820 (30.0)

6.6 (6.1–7.1)

 Region

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  South

26,759 (23.9)

8332 (16.3)

31.1 (29.9–32.4)

830 (8.8)

3.1 (2.7–3.5)

  West

20,590 (18.3)

8997 (17.6)

43.7 (42.0–45.4)

1070 (11.4)

5.2 (4.5–6.0)

  North-east

3693 (3.3)

2431 (4.8)

65.8 (63.9–67.7)

755 (8.0)

20.4 (19.1–21.9)

  East

21,051 (18.8)

11,675 (22.9)

55.5 (54.0–56.9)

2462 (26.2)

11.7 (10.9–12.5)

  Central

24,117 (21.5)

13,546 (26.5)

56.2 (55.3–57.0)

3413 (36.3)

14.2 (13.6–14.7)

  North

15,912 (14.2)

6057 (11.9)

38.1 (37.1–39.1)

869 (9.3)

5.5 (5.0–6.0)

Access to information

     

 Reading newspaper or magazine

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  Not at all

35,378 (31.6)

21,339 (41.8)

60.3 (59.4–61.2)

4441 (47.3)

12.6 (12.0–13.1)

  Less than once a week

16,370 (14.6)

7835 (15.4)

47.9 (46.5–49.2)

1497 (15.9)

9.1 (8.4–9.9)

  At least once a week

22,906 (20.4)

9519 (18.6)

41.6 (40.5–42.6)

1687 (17.9)

7.4 (6.9–7.8)

  Almost every day

37,468 (33.4)

12,346 (24.2)

33.0 (31.9–34.0)

1772 (18.9)

4.7 (4.4–5.1)

 Frequency of watching television

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  Not at all

15,112 (13.5)

8909 (17.4)

59.0 (57.8–60.1)

1934 (20.6)

12.8 (12.1–13.5)

  Less than once a week

10,419 (9.3)

5954 (11.7)

57.1 (55.7–58.6)

1396 (14.9)

13.4 (12.5–14.3)

  At least once a week

16,911 (15.1)

8659 (17.0)

51.2 (50.0–52.4)

1781 (18.9)

10.5 (9.9–11.2)

  Almost every day

69,680 (62.1)

27,518 (53.9)

39.5 (38.7–40.2)

4288 (45.6)

6.2 (5.8–6.5)

 Frequency of listening radio

  

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  Not at all

78,919 (70.4)

36,832 (72.2)

46.7 (46.0–47.3)

6556 (69.8)

8.3 (8.0–8.6)

  Less than once a week

9947 (8.9)

4816 (9.4)

48.4 (46.7–50.1)

1068 (11.4)

10.7 (9.9–11.7)

  At least once a week

14,922 (13.3)

6287 (12.3)

42.1 (40.6–43.7)

1217 (12.9)

8.2 (7.4–8.9)

  Almost every day

8334 (7.4)

3104 (6.1)

37.2 (35.4–39.1)

557 (5.9)

6.7 (5.9–7.6)

  1. aData are from the fourth Indian National Family Health Survey. Frequency and prevalence with 95% CIs in parentheses are shown. All data are weighted to account for survey design. P value was calculated through the chi-square test
  2. bColumn percentages