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Table 1 Participant characteristics by gender (n = 1721)

From: Social and family factors as determinants of exercise habits in Japanese elementary school children: a cross-sectional study from the Super Shokuiku School Project

Variable

 

Total

Boys

Girls

p value

n = 1721

%

n = 857

%

n = 864

%

 

Grade

Low (1st–2nd)

574

33.4

292

34.1

282

32.6

0.818

Middle (3rd–4th)

545

31.7

269

31.4

276

31.9

 

High (5th–6th)

602

35.0

296

34.5

306

35.4

 

Social background and parental lifestyles

 Mother’s employment status

Full time

698

40.6

337

39.3

361

41.8

0.560

Part time

777

45.1

393

45.9

384

44.4

 

Unemployed (housewives)

246

14.3

127

14.8

119

13.8

 

 Family structure

3-generation family

575

33.4

268

31.3

307

35.5

0.061

Nuclear family

1146

66.6

589

68.7

557

27.0

 

 Perceived family affluence

Affluent

460

26.7

227

26.5

233

49.1

0.218

Neither

818

47.5

394

46.0

424

24.0

 

No affluent

443

25.7

236

27.5

207

46.7

 

 Communication with parents

Often

1428

83.0

650

75.8

778

90.0

< 0.001

Rarely

293

17.0

207

24.2

86

10.0

 

 Father’s IU at home, h/day

< 2 h

1471

85.5

727

84.8

744

50.6

0.451

≥ 2 h

250

14.5

130

15.2

120

48.0

 

 Mother’s IU at home, h/day

< 2 h

1622

94.2

797

93.0

825

95.5

0.027

≥ 2 h

99

5.8

60

7.0

39

4.5

 

 Father’s behaviors based on Breslow’s health score

High (6, 7)

365

21.2

187

21.8

178

20.6

0.141

Middle (4, 5)

726

42.2

376

43.9

350

40.5

 

Low (0–3)

630

36.6

294

34.3

336

38.9

 

 Mother’s behaviors based on Breslow’s health score

High (6, 7)

460

26.7

234

27.3

226

26.2

0.784

Middle (4, 5)

932

54.2

457

53.3

475

55.0

 

Low (0–3)

329

19.1

166

19.4

163

18.9

 

Child lifestyle factors

 Breakfast eating

Every day

1600

93.0

805

93.9

795

92.0

0.120

Skipping

121

7.0

52

6.1

69

8.0

 

 Sleep duration

More than 8 h

1358

78.9

685

79.9

673

77.9

0.300

Less than 8 h

363

21.1

172

20.1

191

22.1

 

 Preference for physical activity

Like very much

1486

86.3

744

86.8

742

85.9

0.572

Dislike

235

13.7

113

13.2

122

14.1

 

 Frequency of physical activity

Very often

1245

72.3

635

74.1

610

70.6

0.105

Not often

476

27.7

222

25.9

254

29.4

 

 Children’s ST, h/day

< 2 h

1050

61.0

481

56.1

569

65.9

< 0.001

≥ 2 h

671

39.0

376

43.9

295

34.1

 

 Cram schools

≥ 2 times/week

337

19.6

170

19.8

167

19.3

0.684

1 times/week

91

5.3

49

5.7

42

4.9

 

0 time

1293

75.1

638

74.4

655

75.8

 

Children’s health

 Overall health

Good

1598

92.9

799

93.2

799

92.5

0.543

Poor

123

7.1

58

6.8

65

7.5

 

Enrichment of school life

 Have close friends

Yes

1673

97.2

825

96.3

848

98.1

0.018

No

48

2.8

32

3.7

16

1.9

 

 Understand the school study

Understand well

1400

81.3

686

80.0

714

82.6

0.167

Not understand

321

18.7

171

20.0

150

17.4

 
  1. IU Internet use, ST Screen time