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Table 5 Risks for fetal CHD subtypes in different fetal placental tissue cobalt levels

From: Association between metal cobalt exposure and the risk of congenital heart defect occurrence in offspring: a multi-hospital case-control study

Group

Total tissue Ni

Tissue low, n = 131 (< 39.853 ng/g)

Tissue medium, n = 131 (39.853–75.894 ng/g)

Tissue high, n = 131 (> 75.894 ng/g)

Control (n )

212

109

58

45

All cases (n )

181

22

73

86

cOR

2.850***

Reference

6.236***

9.469***

aOR

1.017***

Reference

5.777***

8.162***

95% CI

1.010–1.024

 

3.185–10.480

4.379–15.212

Case with septal defects (n )

124

14

46

64

 cOR

2.895***

Reference

6.175***

11.073***

 aOR

1.017***

Reference

5.846***

9.230***

 95% CI

1.010–1.024

 

2.904–11.769

4.519–13.347

Case with conotruncal defects (n )

96

14

38

44

 cOR

2.568***

Reference

5.101***

7.613***

 aOR

1.015***

Reference

4.853***

6.354***

 95% CI

1.007–1.022

 

2.380–9.896

3.025–13.347

Case with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (n )

65

5

21

39

 cOR

3.610***

Reference

7.893***

18.893***

 aOR

1.022***

Reference

8.014***

19.164***

 95% CI

1.013–1.031

 

2.800–22.933

6.723–54.632

Case with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (n )

29

4

12

13

 cOR

2.454***

Reference

5.638**

7.872**

 aOR

1.012***

Reference

5.551***

7.550***

 95% CI

1.003–1.021

 

1.669–18.465

2.112–26.995

Case with anomalous pulmonary venous return (n )

26

5

9

12

 cOR

2.301***

Reference

3.383*

5.813**

 aOR

1.013***

Reference

3.023**

4.589***

 95% CI

1.004–1.023

 

0.938–9.740

1.436–14.664

Case with other heart defects (n )

32

1

21

10

 cOR

2.695***

Reference

39.466***

24.222**

 aOR

1.013**

Reference

36.664***

22.082**

 95% CI

1.004–1.022

 

4.727–284.371

2.636–184.948

  1. n number, aOR adjusted odds ratio, cOR crude odds ratio
  2. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% CIs; the low-medium-high concentration of cobalt are referring to the tertiles and lose-dose group of cobalt was consider as a reference; all models were adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, education, taking folic acid (yes, no), parental smoking (yes, no), maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and iron, and calcium concentration. Significant differences between the mothers of case and control were indicated by the following: *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 or **P < 0.01
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

ISSN: 1347-4715

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