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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population at baseline

From: Correction to: Relationship of living arrangement with the decline in functional capacity in elderly people by gender: a longitudinal observational study

 

Living arrangement

With spouse only

Living alone

With child and his/her spouse

With child without his/her spouse

With other family/person

P-value a

Total

n = 744

n = 165

n = 749

n = 612

n = 357

 

Age (years)

 65–69

266

(35.8%)

26

(15.8%)

197

(26.3%)

218

(35.6%)

129

(36.1%)

<  0.001

 70–74

273

(36.7%)

57

(34.5%)

243

(32.4%)

207

(33.8%)

114

(31.9%)

 

 75–79

141

(19.0%)

49

(29.7%)

201

(26.8%)

116

(19.0%)

80

(22.4%)

 

 80–84

53

(7.1%)

26

(15.8%)

85

(11.3%)

52

(8.5%)

27

(7.6%)

 

 ≥ 85

11

(1.5%)

7

(4.2%)

23

(3.1%)

19

(3.1%)

7

(2.0%)

 

 (Mean ± standard deviation years)

(72.0

±4.9)

(74.8

±5.3)

(73.5

±5.4)

(72.4

±5.4)

(72.2

±5.3)

 

Educational attainment (years)

 ≥ 10

493

(66.3%)

104

(63.0%)

416

(55.5%)

333

(54.4%)

184

(51.5%)

<  0.001

 < 10

251

(33.7%)

61

(37.0%)

333

(44.5%)

279

(45.6%)

173

(48.5%)

 

Current drinking

 No

433

(58.2%)

119

(72.1%)

461

(61.5%)

389

(63.6%)

217

(60.8%)

0.014

 Yes

311

(41.8%)

46

(27.9%)

288

(38.5%)

223

(36.4%)

140

(39.2%)

 

Current smoking

 No

692

(93.0%)

153

(92.7%)

699

(93.3%)

556

(90.8%)

326

(91.3%)

0.408

 Yes

52

(7.0%)

12

(7.3%)

50

(6.7%)

56

(9.2%)

31

(8.7%)

 

History of major diseasesb

 No

588

(79.0%)

135

(81.8%)

590

(78.8%)

488

(79.7%)

292

(81.8%)

0.731

 Yes

156

(21.0%)

30

(18.2%)

159

(21.2%)

124

(20.3%)

65

(18.2%)

 

Depressive symptoms (GDS5)

 Normal (< 2 points)

656

(88.2%)

134

(81.2%)

666

(88.9%)

537

(87.7%)

310

(86.8%)

0.097

 Have depressive symptoms (≥2 points)

88

(11.8%)

31

(18.8%)

83

(11.1%)

75

(12.3%)

47

(13.2%)

 

Housework

 Mainly do

449

(60.3%)

156

(94.5%)

311

(41.5%)

356

(58.2%)

191

(53.5%)

<  0.001

 Not mainly do

295

(39.7%)

9

(5.5%)

438

(58.5%)

256

(41.8%)

166

(46.5%)

 

Social participation

 Yes

667

(89.7%)

127

(77.0%)

670

(89.5%)

545

(89.1%)

322

(90.2%)

<  0.001

 No

77

(10.3%)

38

(23.0%)

79

(10.5%)

67

(10.9%)

35

(9.8%)

 

Relationship with neighbors

 Frequent

710

(95.4%)

148

(89.7%)

735

(98.1%)

593

(96.9%)

345

(96.6%)

<  0.001

 Not frequent

34

(4.6%)

17

(10.3%)

14

(1.9%)

19

(3.1%)

12

(3.4%)

 

Men

n = 370

n = 41

n = 349

n = 279

n = 160

 

Age (years)

 65–69

106

(28.6%)

8

(19.5%)

82

(23.5%)

108

(38.7%)

66

(41.3%)

<  0.001

 70–74

137

(37.0%)

14

(34.1%)

116

(33.2%)

90

(32.3%)

41

(25.6%)

 

 75–79

82

(22.2%)

10

(24.4%)

95

(27.2%)

49

(17.6%)

37

(23.1%)

 

 80–84

35

(9.5%)

5

(12.2%)

42

(12.0%)

27

(9.7%)

12

(7.5%)

 

 ≥ 85

10

(2.7%)

4

(9.8%)

14

(4.0%)

5

(1.8%)

4

(2.5%)

 

 (Mean ± standard deviation years)

(72.9

±5.2)

(74.7

±6.2)

(73.9

±5.6)

(72.1

±5.3)

(72.0

±5.5)

 

Educational attainment (years)

 ≥ 10

246

(66.5%)

23

(56.1%)

187

(53.6%)

155

(55.6%)

80

(50.0%)

0.001

 < 10

124

(33.5%)

18

(43.9%)

162

(46.4%)

124

(44.4%)

80

(50.0%)

 

Current drinking

 No

117

(31.6%)

14

(34.1%)

118

(33.8%)

93

(33.3%)

49

(30.6%)

0.940

 Yes

253

(68.4%)

27

(65.9%)

231

(66.2%)

186

(66.7%)

111

(69.4%)

 

Current smoking

 No

321

(86.8%)

31

(75.6%)

301

(86.2%)

226

(81.0%)

133

(83.1%)

0.111

 Yes

49

(13.2%)

10

(24.4%)

48

(13.8%)

53

(19.0%)

27

(16.9%)

 

History of major diseasesb

 No

269

(72.7%)

31

(75.6%)

256

(73.4%)

201

(72.0%)

117

(73.1%)

0.990

 Yes

101

(27.3%)

10

(24.4%)

93

(26.6%)

78

(28.0%)

43

(26.9%)

 

Depressive symptoms (GDS5)

 Normal (< 2 points)

332

(89.7%)

30

(73.2%)

308

(88.3%)

253

(90.7%)

136

(85.0%)

0.011

 Have depressive symptoms (≥2 points)

38

(10.3%)

11

(26.8%)

41

(11.7%)

26

(9.3%)

24

(15.0%)

 

Housework

 Mainly do

84

(22.7%)

35

(85.4%)

59

(16.9%)

69

(24.7%)

42

(26.3%)

<  0.001

 Not mainly do

286

(77.3%)

6

(14.6%)

290

(83.1%)

210

(75.3%)

118

(73.8%)

 

Social participation

 Yes

340

(91.9%)

36

(87.8%)

328

(94.0%)

255

(91.4%)

150

(93.8%)

0.485

 No

30

(8.1%)

5

(12.2%)

21

(6.0%)

24

(8.6%)

10

(6.3%)

 

Relationship with neighbors

 Frequent

351

(94.9%)

36

(87.8%)

342

(98.0%)

265

(95.0%)

151

(94.4%)

0.020

 Not frequent

19

(5.1%)

5

(12.2%)

7

(2.0%)

14

(5.0%)

9

(5.6%)

 

Women

n = 374

n = 124

n = 400

n = 333

n = 197

 

Age (years)

 65–69

160

(42.8%)

18

(14.5%)

115

(28.8%)

110

(33.0%)

63

(32.0%)

<  0.001

 70–74

136

(36.4%)

43

(34.7%)

127

(31.8%)

117

(35.1%)

73

(37.1%)

 

 75–79

59

(15.8%)

39

(31.5%)

106

(26.5%)

67

(20.1%)

43

(21.8%)

 

 80–84

18

(4.8%)

21

(16.9%)

43

(10.8%)

25

(7.5%)

15

(7.6%)

 

 ≥ 85

1

(0.3%)

3

(2.4%)

9

(2.3%)

14

(4.2%)

3

(1.5%)

 

 (Mean ± standard deviation years)

(71.0

±4.2)

(74.9

±5.1)

(73.2

±5.2)

(72.8

±5.5)

(72.4

±5.1)

 

Educational attainment (years)

 ≥ 10

247

(66.0%)

81

(65.3%)

229

(57.3%)

178

(53.5%)

104

(52.8%)

0.002

 < 10

127

(34.0%)

43

(34.7%)

171

(42.8%)

155

(46.5%)

93

(47.2%)

 

Current drinking

 No

316

(84.5%)

105

(84.7%)

343

(85.8%)

296

(88.9%)

168

(85.3%)

0.509

 Yes

58

(15.5%)

19

(15.3%)

57

(14.3%)

37

(11.1%)

29

(14.7%)

 

Current smoking

 No

371

(99.2%)

122

(98.4%)

398

(99.5%)

330

(99.1%)

193

(98.0%)

0.428

 Yes

3

(0.8%)

2

(1.6%)

2

(0.5%)

3

(0.9%)

4

(2.0%)

 

History of major diseasesb

 No

319

(85.3%)

104

(83.9%)

334

(83.5%)

287

(86.2%)

175

(88.8%)

0.491

 Yes

55

(14.7%)

20

(16.1%)

66

(16.5%)

46

(13.8%)

22

(11.2%)

 

Depressive symptoms (GDS5)

 Normal (< 2 points)

324

(86.6%)

104

(83.9%)

358

(89.5%)

284

(85.3%)

174

(88.3%)

0.340

 Have depressive symptoms (≥2 points)

50

(13.4%)

20

(16.1%)

42

(10.5%)

49

(14.7%)

23

(11.7%)

 

Housework

 Mainly do

365

(97.6%)

121

(97.6%)

252

(63.0%)

287

(86.2%)

149

(75.6%)

<  0.001

 Not mainly do

9

(2.4%)

3

(2.4%)

148

(37.0%)

46

(13.8%)

48

(24.4%)

 

Social participation

 Yes

327

(87.4%)

91

(73.4%)

342

(85.5%)

290

(87.1%)

172

(87.3%)

0.002

 No

47

(12.6%)

33

(26.6%)

58

(14.5%)

43

(12.9%)

25

(12.7%)

 

Relationship with neighbors

 Frequent

359

(96.0%)

112

(90.3%)

393

(98.3%)

328

(98.5%)

194

(98.5%)

< 0.001

 Not frequent

15

(4.0%)

12

(9.7%)

7

(1.8%)

5

(1.5%)

3

(1.5%)

 
  1. a Chi-square test
  2. b History of major diseases was defined as having any one of the following diseases: stroke, myocardial infarction/angina, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, femoral neck fracture, and cancer