Table 2 Household air pollution and housing characteristics of the study participants in Gondar city, northwest Ethiopia, 2019
Variables | Frequency (n = 792) | Percent (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Types of fuel usually used for cooking | |||
 Charcoal | 479 | 60.48 | |
 Electricity | 273 | 34.47 | |
 Open fires | 40 | 5.05 | |
Types of fuel usually used for heating | |||
 None | 341 | 43.06 | |
 Wood, coal | 440 | 55.56 | |
 Electricity | 11 | 1.39 | |
Contact with farm animals (e.g., cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, or poultry) | |||
 No | 745 | 94.07 | |
 Yes | 47 | 5.93 | |
Smoke cigarettes (mothers/guardians) | |||
 No | 768 | 96.97 | |
 Yes | 24 | 3.03 | |
Cockroach infestation in household | |||
 No | 413 | 52.15 | |
 Yes | 379 | 47.85 | |
Painting/staining done in the last 6 months HH | |||
 No | 682 | 86.11 | |
 Yes | 110 | 13.89 | |
New carpet, drapes, or other textiles in the last 6 months | |||
 No | 682 | 86.11 | |
 Yes | 110 | 13.89 | |
Using air freshener | |||
 No | 744 | 93.94 | |
 Yes | 48 | 6.06 | |
Presence of a kitchen exhaust fan | Â | Â | |
 No | 752 | 94.95 | |
 Yes | 40 | 5.05 | |
A pesticide application | |||
 No | 635 | 80.18 | |
 Yes | 157 | 19.82 | |
Floor construction materials | |||
 Wood and mud | 542 | 68.43 | |
 Brick and concrete | 250 | 31.57 | |
Wall surface water-based paint | |||
 No | 618 | 78.03 | |
 Yes | 174 | 21.97 | |
Ceiling surface (n = 749) | |||
 Wooden | 576 | 76.90 | |
 Painted | 131 | 17.49 | |
 Cement | 42 | 5.61 | |
Damp stains | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 729 | 92.05 | |
 Yes | 63 | 7.95 | |
Visible mold | Â | Â | |
 No | 725 | 91.54 | |
 Yes | 67 | 8.46 | |
Place of cooking (n = 775) | |||
 Inside | 461 | 59.48 | |
 Outside | 314 | 40.52 | |
Open doors during cooking | |||
 No | 439 | 64.56 | |
 Yes | 241 | 35.44 | |
Open windows during cooking | |||
 No | 462 | 68.34 | |
 Yes | 214 | 31.66 | |
Average length/duration of time spend in house/home/indoor on a day | |||
 < 6 h | 198 | 25.00 | |
 6 to 11 h | 250 | 31.57 | |
 11 to 15 h | 165 | 20.83 | |
 > 15 h | 179 | 22.60 | |
Presence of garage less than 100 m from household | |||
 No | 746 | 94.19 | |
 Yes | 46 | 5.81 | |
Frequency of trucks passing through the street where you live, on weekdays | |||
 Never | 397 | 50.13 | |
 Seldom | 254 | 32.07 | |
 Frequently | 93 | 11.74 | |
 Almost the whole day | 48 | 6.06 | |
Living less than 100 m heavy traffic | |||
 No | 630 | 79.55 | |
 Yes | 162 | 20.45 | |
Living less than 100 m (unpaved roads/streets) | |||
 No | 598 | 75.51 | |
 Yes | 194 | 24.49 | |
Exposure to animal allergens in early childhood | Â | Â | |
 No | 754 | 95.20 | |
 Yes | 38 | 4.80 | |
Exposure to animal allergens in the present time | |||
 No | 747 | 94.32 | |
 Yes | 45 | 5.68 | |