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Table 3 Decomposition analysis of inequalities in NHIPa coverage, self-reported illness, and healthcare utilizationb among older adults in the Philippines, 2003–2017

From: Reduction in inequalities in health insurance coverage and healthcare utilization among older adults in the Philippines after mandatory national health insurance coverage: trend analysis for 2003–2017

Variables

Concentration index (C)

Absolute contribution to Cc

Percentage contribution to Cc (%)

2003

2008

2013

2017

2003

2008

2013

2017

2003

2008

2013

2017

NHIPa coverage

Concentration index

0.3000

0.1803

0.0806

0.0247

        

Education

 Primary

− 0.123

− 0.187

− 0.196

− 0.228

− 0.010

− 0.029

− 0.022

− 0.015

− 3.3

− 15.8

− 27.3

− 60.0

 Secondary

0.264

0.228

0.143

0.105

0.024

0.023

0.008

0.004

8.0

12.8

9.6

14.6

 Higher

0.602

0.564

0.525

0.530

0.164

0.091

0.054

0.024

54.8

50.7

66.8

98.6

Wealth index

 Poorer

− 0.455

− 0.486

− 0.526

− 0.485

− 0.007

− 0.018

0.000

− 0.003

− 2.3

− 10.2

− 0.4

− 11.0

 Middle

− 0.054

− 0.106

− 0.137

− 0.114

− 0.004

− 0.005

− 0.001

− 0.001

− 1.4

− 2.5

− 1.1

− 3.1

 Richer

0.370

0.314

0.277

0.294

0.027

0.032

0.004

0.003

9.0

17.6

4.9

10.8

 Richest

0.793

0.771

0.746

0.755

0.118

0.088

0.044

0.016

39.3

48.7

54.6

64.7

Self-reported illness

Concentration index

 

− 0.0972

− 0.0474

− 0.0965

        

Education

 Primary

 

− 0.187

− 0.196

− 0.228

 

− 0.002

0.009

− 0.004

 

2.1

− 19.3

4.2

 Secondary

 

0.228

0.143

0.105

 

0.009

− 0.005

0.000

 

− 9.6

9.6

− 0.1

 Higher

 

0.564

0.525

0.530

 

0.002

− 0.021

− 0.023

 

− 1.7

43.8

24.4

Wealth index

 Poorer

 

− 0.486

− 0.526

− 0.485

 

0.000

0.004

0.004

 

0.2

− 8.9

− 3.9

 Middle

 

− 0.106

− 0.137

− 0.114

 

0.003

− 0.002

0.002

 

− 3.5

4.6

− 2.2

 Richer

 

0.314

0.277

0.294

 

− 0.015

0.002

− 0.008

 

15.1

− 4.4

8.7

 Richest

 

0.771

0.746

0.755

 

− 0.050

0.004

− 0.050

 

51.1

− 9.1

53.1

Outpatient care utilization

Concentration index

 

0.0821

0.0348

0.0347

        

Education

 Primary

 

− 0.187

− 0.196

− 0.228

 

− 0.005

0.006

− 0.024

 

− 6.5

17.3

− 68.8

 Secondary

 

0.228

0.143

0.105

 

0.002

− 0.002

0.005

 

2.7

− 5.6

13.3

 Higher

 

0.564

0.525

0.530

 

0.004

0.005

0.000

 

4.5

14.8

0.4

Wealth index

 Poorer

 

− 0.486

− 0.526

− 0.485

 

− 0.010

− 0.026

− 0.005

 

− 12.1

− 74.8

− 15.1

 Middle

 

− 0.106

− 0.137

− 0.114

 

− 0.004

− 0.008

− 0.003

 

− 5.3

− 23.9

− 9.3

 Richer

 

0.314

0.277

0.294

 

0.029

0.021

0.013

 

34.7

61.6

36.7

 Richest

 

0.771

0.746

0.755

 

0.081

0.065

0.057

 

99.0

187.6

164.8

Inpatient care utilization

Concentration index

 

0.0496

0.0625

− 0.0010

        

Education

 Primary

 

− 0.187

− 0.196

− 0.228

 

− 0.016

− 0.006

− 0.011

 

− 33.0

− 9.6

113.8

 Secondary

 

0.228

0.143

0.105

 

0.012

− 0.003

0.004

 

23.2

− 4.3

− 36.8

 Higher

 

0.564

0.525

0.530

 

0.014

− 0.005

− 0.001

 

27.8

− 8.2

5.2

Wealth index

 Poorer

 

− 0.486

− 0.526

− 0.485

 

− 0.013

− 0.014

− 0.016

 

− 27.2

− 22.7

161.9

 Middle

 

− 0.106

− 0.137

− 0.114

 

− 0.003

− 0.013

− 0.005

 

− 6.1

− 21.4

50.4

 Richer

 

0.314

0.277

0.294

 

0.012

0.017

0.022

 

23.4

27.6

− 222.2

 Richest

 

0.771

0.746

0.755

 

0.040

0.050

0.029

 

81.0

80.2

− 291.4

  1. Data for self-reported illness, outpatient care utilization, and inpatient care utilization were not included in the 2003 survey
  2. aNational Health Insurance Program
  3. bOutpatient care utilization and inpatient care utilization
  4. cConcentration index