Reduction in inequalities in health insurance coverage and healthcare utilization among older adults in the Philippines after mandatory national health insurance coverage: trend analysis for 2003–2017

Siongco, Kathryn Lizbeth Lucena; Nakamura, Keiko; Seino, Kaoruko

doi:10.1186/s12199-020-00854-9

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

Table 2 NHIP^a coverage, self-reported illness, and healthcare utilization^b according to characteristics of older adults, Philippines (2003–2017)

From: Reduction in inequalities in health insurance coverage and healthcare utilization among older adults in the Philippines after mandatory national health insurance coverage: trend analysis for 2003–2017

Variables	2003 (%), N = 3899	2008 (%), N = 4385				2013 (%), N = 5564				2017 (%), N = 11,369
Variables	NHIP^a	NHIP^a	Self-reported illness	Outpatient use	Inpatient use	NHIP^a	Self-reported illness	Outpatient use	Inpatient use	NHIP^a	Self-reported illness	Outpatient use	Inpatient use
Overall (%)	9.4	35.3	20.5	13.3	8.8	57.9	27.0	15.6	8.6	87.6	28.3	18.7	12.4
Age (years)
60–69	10.8	37.2	18.5	12.0	7.0	60.6	23.5	13.0	7.2	85.4	28.6	18.2	11.9
70–79	7.7	33.7	23.5	15.3	10.8	56.7	32.3	20.6	9.6	90.8	29.4	20.2	14.0
80 or above	5.8	29.6	23.0	14.8	12.8	46.4	32.5	16.6	13.1	91.1	23.4	17.4	11.5
	***	**	***	*	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	*	**
Gender
Male	12.2	36.4	19.6	13.0	9.5	60.7	26.5	13.9	8.3	87.1	36.2	24.9	18.3
Female	6.9	34.4	21.2	13.5	8.2	55.8	27.4	16.9	8.7	88.0	21.9	13.7	7.7
	***					***		**			***	***	***
Residence
Rural	6.8	32.0	22.8	13.1	9.0	57.2	29.9	16.3	8.3	87.0	29.5	18.7	13.3
Urban	12.7	39.7	17.4	13.5	8.5	59.1	22.5	14.4	9.0	89.1	25.5	18.5	10.4
	***	***	***				***			**	***		***
Education
No education	2.9	15.3	21.4	10.3	6.3	34.5	28.3	13.2	7.6	74.1	22.7	10.5	8.4
Primary	5.8	28.8	20.9	12.7	8.4	53.5	28.3	15.2	8.6	86.1	29.9	18.8	12.3
Secondary	12.6	42.1	21.5	14.4	10.3	57.9	25.8	15.1	8.1	87.9	29.0	19.6	14.5
Higher	29.3	61.4	17.2	15.5	9.5	79.1	24.5	18.0	9.3	95.3	24.7	19.6	11.6
	***	***				***				***	***	***	***
Wealth index
Poorest	4.1	20.1	24.2	10.4	6.6	48.3	29.4	12.1	6.1	81.5	29.4	16.3	10.2
Poorer	5.0	28.7	23.6	12.0	8.8	52.4	27.9	15.7	7.3	86.3	30.3	18.4	12.7
Middle	8.4	32.3	20.8	13.5	8.7	55.2	29.0	16.2	10.7	87.4	28.8	19.8	13.8
Richer	11.0	43.5	17.9	14.6	9.9	57.5	25.7	16.5	8.7	89.4	27.7	19.0	13.8
Richest	18.5	50.7	16.1	15.7	9.6	72.3	24.0	16.5	9.4	94.4	24.6	20.2	12.0
	***	***	***	*		***	*	*	**	***	***	**	**
Relationship to HH^c
Self	12.2	36.3	22.4	14.9	9.4	60.3	29.7	17.1	8.5	88.3	39.5	28.2	19.8
Spouse	7.4	41.4	22.6	13.8	8.6	65.7	27.1	16.8	8.8	89.1	16.8	6.6	2.0
Others	3.5	26.3	12.9	8.2	7.1	42.2	18.8	9.6	8.5	82.6	2.9	0.6	0.4
	***	***	***	***		***	***	***		***	***	***	***
Number of HH^c
1–2	8.7	28.8	28.3	16.4	9.5	52.4	39.6	21.7	8.8	87.5	28.1	17.5	10.6
3–4	10.3	39.3	23.2	14.5	8.3	60.1	27.3	16.9	8.9	88.9	27.4	18.4	11.7
5 or more	9.1	35.8	15.1	11.1	8.7	59.1	20.8	11.7	8.2	86.6	29.1	19.7	14.4
		***	***	***		***	***	***		**			***
NHIP^a coverage
No			19.9	11.7	6.7		25.1	13.0	5.7		22.7	12.7	6.3
Yes			21.5	16.2	12.6		28.5	17.4	10.7		29.1	19.5	13.3
				***	***		**	***	***		***	***	***
Self-reported illness
No		34.9		5.2	6.9	56.8		6.2	5.9	86.6		8.7	8.4
Yes		37.0		44.8	16.2	61.0		40.7	15.8	90.1		43.9	22.8
				***	***	**		***	***	***		***	***
Outpatient care use
No		34.1	13.0		6.1	56.6	19.0		6.0	86.7	19.5		8.4
Yes		43.0	69.1		26.5	64.8	70.6		22.3	91.6	66.5		30.0
		***	***		***	***	***		***	***	***		***
Inpatient care use
No		33.8	18.8	10.7		56.6	24.9	13.2		86.7	24.9	14.9
Yes		50.8	37.8	40.1		72.1	50.0	40.6		93.8	51.7	44.9
		***	***	***		***	***	***		***	***	***

Self-reported illness, outpatient care utilization, and inpatient care utilization data were unavailable in 2003
^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001
^aNational Health Insurance Program
^bOutpatient care utilization and inpatient care utilization
^cHousehold

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