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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population at baseline

From: Relationship of living arrangement with the decline in functional capacity in elderly people by gender: a longitudinal observational study

 

Living arrangement

With spouse only

Living alone

With child and his/her spouse

With child without his/her spouse

With other family/person

P valuea

Total

n= 744

n= 165

n= 749

n= 612

n= 357

 

Age (years)

 65–69

266 (35.8%)

26 (15.8%)

197 (26.3%)

218 (35.6%)

129 (36.1%)

< 0.001

 70–74

273 (36.7%)

57 (34.5%)

243 (32.4%)

207 (33.8%)

114 (31.9%)

 75–79

141 (19.0%)

49 (29.7%)

201 (26.8%)

116 (19.0%)

80 (22.4%)

 80–84

53 (7.1%)

26 (15.8%)

85 (11.3%)

52 (8.5%)

27 (7.6%)

 ≥ 85

11 (1.5%)

7 (4.2%)

23 (3.1%)

19 (3.1%)

7 (2.0%)

 Mean ± standard deviation years

(72.0 ± 4.9)

(74.8 ± 5.3)

(73.5 ± 5.4)

(72.4 ± 5.4)

(72.2 ± 5.3)

Educational attainment (years)

 ≥ 10

493 (66.3%)

104 (63.0%)

416 (55.5%)

333 (54.4%)

184 (51.5%)

< 0.001

 < 10

251 (33.7%)

61 (37.0%)

333 (44.5%)

279 (45.6%)

173 (48.5%)

Current drinking

 No

433 (58.2%)

119 (72.1%)

461 (61.5%)

389 (63.6%)

217 (60.8%)

0.014

 Yes

311 (41.8%)

46 (27.9%)

288 (38.5%)

223 (36.4%)

140 (39.2%)

Current smoking

 No

692 (93.0%)

153 (92.7%)

699 (93.3%)

556 (90.8%)

326 (91.3%)

0.408

 Yes

52 (7.0%)

12 (7.3%)

50 (6.7%)

56 (9.2%)

31 (8.7%)

History of major diseasesb

 No

588 (79.0%)

135 (81.8%)

590 (78.8%)

488 (79.7%)

292 (81.8%)

0.731

 Yes

156 (21.0%)

30 (18.2%)

159 (21.2%)

124 (20.3%)

65 (18.2%)

Depressive symptoms (GDS5)

 Normal (< 2 points)

656 (88.2%)

134 (81.2%)

666 (88.9%)

537 (87.7%)

310 (86.8%)

0.097

 Have depressive symptoms (≥ 2 points)

88 (11.8%)

31 (18.8%)

83 (11.1%)

75 (12.3%)

47 (13.2%)

Housework

 Mainly do

449 (60.3%)

156 (94.5%)

311 (41.5%)

356 (58.2%)

191 (53.5%)

< 0.001

 Not mainly do

295 (39.7%)

9 (5.5%)

438 (58.5%)

256 (41.8%)

166 (46.5%)

Social participation

 Yes

667 (89.7%)

127 (77.0%)

670 (89.5%)

545 (89.1%)

322 (90.2%)

< 0.001

 No

77 (10.3%)

38 (23.0%)

79 (10.5%)

67 (10.9%)

35 (9.8%)

Relationship with neighbors

 Frequent

710 (95.4%)

148 (89.7%)

735 (98.1%)

593 (96.9%)

345 (96.6%)

< 0.001

 Not frequent

34 (4.6%)

17 (10.3%)

14 (1.9%)

19 (3.1%)

12 (3.4%)

Men

n= 370

n= 41

n= 349

n= 279

n= 160

Age (years)

 65–69

106 (28.6%)

8 (19.5%)

82 (23.5%)

108 (38.7%)

66 (41.3%)

< 0.001

 70–74

137 (37.0%)

14 (34.1%)

116 (33.2%)

90 (32.3%)

41 (25.6%)

 75–79

82 (22.2%)

10 (24.4%)

95 (27.2%)

49 (17.6%)

37 (23.1%)

 80–84

35 (9.5%)

5 (12.2%)

42 (12.0%)

27 (9.7%)

12 (7.5%)

 ≥ 85

10 (2.7%)

4 (9.8%)

14 (4.0%)

5 (1.8%)

4 (2.5%)

 Mean ± standard deviation years

(72.9 ± 5.2)

(74.7 ± 6.2)

(73.9 ± 5.6)

(72.1 ± 5.3)

(72.0 ± 5.5)

Educational attainment (years)

 ≥ 10

246 (66.5%)

23 (56.1%)

187 (53.6%)

155 (55.6%)

80 (50.0%)

0.001

 < 10

124 (33.5%)

18 (43.9%)

162 (46.4%)

124 (44.4%)

80 (50.0%)

Current drinking

 No

117 (31.6%)

14 (34.1%)

118 (33.8%)

93 (33.3%)

49 (30.6%)

0.940

 Yes

253 (68.4%)

27 (65.9%)

231 (66.2%)

186 (66.7%)

111 (69.4%)

Current smoking

 No

321 (86.8%)

31 (75.6%)

301 (86.2%)

226 (81.0%)

133 (83.1%)

0.111

 Yes

49 (13.2%)

10 (24.4%)

48 (13.8%)

53 (19.0%)

27 (16.9%)

History of major diseasesb

      

 No

269 (72.7%)

31 (75.6%)

256 (73.4%)

201 (72.0%)

117 (73.1%)

0.990

 Yes

101 (27.3%)

10 (24.4%)

93 (26.6%)

78 (28.0%)

43 (26.9%)

Depressive symptoms (GDS5)

 Normal (< 2 points)

332 (89.7%)

30 (73.2%)

308 (88.3%)

253 (90.7%)

136 (85.0%)

0.011

 Have depressive symptoms (≥ 2 points)

38 (10.3%)

11 (26.8%)

41 (11.7%)

26 (9.3%)

24 (15.0%)

Housework

 Mainly do

84 (22.7%)

35 (85.4%)

59 (16.9%)

69 (24.7%)

42 (26.3%)

< 0.001

 Not mainly do

286 (77.3%)

6 (14.6%)

290 (83.1%)

210 (75.3%)

118 (73.8%)

Social participation

 Yes

340 (91.9%)

36 (87.8%)

328 (94.0%)

255 (91.4%)

150 (93.8%)

0.485

 No

30 (8.1%)

5 (12.2%)

21 (6.0%)

24 (8.6%)

10 (6.3%)

Relationship with neighbors

 Frequent

351 (94.9%)

36 (87.8%)

342 (98.0%)

265 (95.0%)

151 (94.4%)

0.020

 Not frequent

19 (5.1%)

5 (12.2%)

7 (2.0%)

14 (5.0%)

9 (5.6%)

Women

n= 374

n= 124

n= 400

n= 333

n= 197

Age (years)

 65–69

160 (42.8%)

18 (14.5%)

115 (28.8%)

110 (33.0%)

63 (32.0%)

< 0.001

 70–74

136 (36.4%)

43 (34.7%)

127 (31.8%)

117 (35.1%)

73 (37.1%)

 75–79

59 (15.8%)

39 (31.5%)

106 (26.5%)

67 (20.1%)

43 (21.8%)

 80–84

18 (4.8%)

21 (16.9%)

43 (10.8%)

25 (7.5%)

15 (7.6%)

 ≥ 85

1 (0.3%)

3 (2.4%)

9 (2.3%)

14 (4.2%)

3 (1.5%)

 Mean ± standard deviation years

(71.0 ± 4.2)

(74.9 ± 5.1)

(73.2 ± 5.2)

(72.8 ± 5.5)

(72.4 ± 5.1)

Educational attainment (years)

 ≥ 10

247 (66.0%)

81 (65.3%)

229 (57.3%)

178 (53.5%)

104 (52.8%)

0.002

 < 10

127 (34.0%)

43 (34.7%)

171 (42.8%)

155 (46.5%)

93 (47.2%)

Current drinking

 No

316 (84.5%)

105 (84.7%)

343 (85.8%)

296 (88.9%)

168 (85.3%)

0.509

 Yes

58 (15.5%)

19 (15.3%)

57 (14.3%)

37 (11.1%)

29 (14.7%)

Current smoking

 No

371 (99.2%)

122 (98.4%)

398 (99.5%)

330 (99.1%)

193 (98.0%)

0.428

 Yes

3 (0.8%)

2 (1.6%)

2 (0.5%)

3 (0.9%)

4 (2.0%)

History of major diseasesb

 No

319 (85.3%)

104 (83.9%)

334 (83.5%)

287 (86.2%)

175 (88.8%)

0.491

 Yes

55 (14.7%)

20 (16.1%)

66 (16.5%)

46 (13.8%)

22 (11.2%)

Depressive symptoms (GDS5)

 Normal (< 2 points)

324 (86.6%)

104 (83.9%)

358 (89.5%)

284 (85.3%)

174 (88.3%)

0.340

 Have depressive symptoms (≥ 2 points)

50 (13.4%)

20 (16.1%)

42 (10.5%)

49 (14.7%)

23 (11.7%)

Housework

 Mainly do

365 (97.6%)

121 (97.6%)

252 (63.0%)

287 (86.2%)

149 (75.6%)

< 0.001

 Not mainly do

9 (2.4%)

3 (2.4%)

148 (37.0%)

46 (13.8%)

48 (24.4%)

Social participation

 Yes

327 (87.4%)

91 (73.4%)

342 (85.5%)

290 (87.1%)

172 (87.3%)

0.002

 No

47 (12.6%)

33 (26.6%)

58 (14.5%)

43 (12.9%)

25 (12.7%)

Relationship with neighbors

 Frequent

359 (96.0%)

112 (90.3%)

393 (98.3%)

328 (98.5%)

194 (98.5%)

< 0.001

 Not frequent

15 (4.0%)

12 (9.7%)

7 (1.8%)

5 (1.5%)

3 (1.5%)

  1. aChi-square test
  2. bHistory of major diseases was defined as having any one of the following diseases: stroke, myocardial infarction/angina, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, femoral neck fracture, and cancer