Table 3 Cox proportional hazard regression analyses to estimate the effect of evacuation on diabetes mellitus incidence, adjusting for selected demographic and anthropometric and health behavior variables, as well as lifestyle change scores and BMI changes using the annual health check-up data of Kawauchi village (with evacuation) and Ono town (without evacuation)

Evacuation (Yes = 1; No = 0)

2.39 [1.28–4.50]

5.09 [2.03–14.5]

2.94 [0.89–10.1]

Age

1.02 [0.97–1.07]

0.98 [0.92–1.03]

0.96 [0.88–1.05]

Gender

1.91 [0.95–3.82]

2.93 [1.07–8.23]

1.21 [0.40–3.51]

BMI

1.19 [1.08–1.30]

1.22 [1.06–1.40]

1.18 [1.03–1.37]

dBMI

0.98 [0.79–1.22]

0.96 [0.72–1.29]

1.54 [0.86–2.80]

Keeping body weight gain > 10 kg compared with weight at 20 years old (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0)

1.20 [0.58–2.49]

2.72 [0.89–8.32]

0.80 [0.29–2.31]

Keeping body weight gain or loss ≥ 3 kg compared with weight in the last year (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0)

0.85 [0.42–1.70]

0.84 [0.32–2.25]

0.84 [0.30–2.49]

Currently smoking (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0)

0.75 [0.34–1.65]

0.82 [0.28–2.42]

0.44 [0.09–2.12]

Drinking everyday (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0)

1.05 [0.51–2.15]

1.07 [0.40–2.87]

1.05 [0.29–3.79]

Regular exercise: ≥ 30 min/time and ≥ 2 times/week for 1 year or more (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1)

1.53 [0.75–3.10]

1.43 [0.54–3.77]

2.26 [0.64–7.92]

Walking at least 1 h/day (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1)

0.67 [0.32–1.38]

1.20 [0.46–3.13]

0.57 [0.15–2.09]

Restful sleep: getting enough rest by sleep (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1)

0.65 [0.35–1.24]

0.77 [0.32–1.84]

0.30 [0.09–1.08]

Late-night dinners: ≥ 3 times/week (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0)

2.90 [1.14–7.38]

5.05 [1.04–24.5]

0.78 [0.21–3.26]

Lifestyle change score

1.03 [0.80–1.33]

1.28 [0.90–1.81]

0.79 [0.50–1.26]