Table 1 Characteristic of the included studies
From: Lifestyle interventions in the maritime settings: a systematic review
Author, Year, of publication, Country | Study design | Study subject | Study period | Sample size | Mean age/ Age range | Setting (type of ship, shipping sector) | Type of intervention | Outcome measurement | Outcome | Groups | Results & Significancy | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jepsen [16], 2016, DK | NRS | Seafarers | 2 years | 141 | 41.3 | NP | -Specific advice regarding treatment for Metabolic Syndrome -Specific advice regarding preventive measures | Medical examination | -BMI -WC -MetS -Smoking -Alcohol consumption | ----- | Increment in all outcomes (NS) | 3 of 9 |
Hjaroe [14], 2014, DK | NRS | Seafarers | 1 year | Q: 49 F: 193 | NP | Cargo service company | -Cooking course | -Qualitative study -Self-report questionnaire | -Opinion about the course -Subsequent changes in promoting a healthy diet at sea -Eating healthy | ----- | -Increment in knowledge from the intervention course -Increment in serving fruits and vegetables -Increment in applying fat and sugar reducing tips Increment in eating healthy (S) | 3 of 9 |
Gasier [17], 2014, USA | RCT | Submariners | 1 year | 53 | •Placebo: 28.3 Experiment1: 29.4 Experiment2: 28.1 | Submarine | Vitamin D supplementation | -Medical examination | -25(OH)D -Osteocalcin | •Placebo •Trial1 •Trial2 | -Increment of 25 (OH)D in all groups (S) -Increment of osteocalcin in all groups (S) | 7 of 11 |
Hjarnoe [10], 2013, DK | QE | Seafarers | 1 year | 606 | 41 | Cargo service company | -Healthy cooking courses for ships cooks -Improvement of fitness facilities -Smoking cession courses -Individual guidance -Extra health check ups | -Self-administrated questionnaire -Individual health profile | -Smoking -Physical activity -Sugar intake -Metabolic syndrome | Single-group pre-post design | -Reduction in smoking (NS) -Increment in Physical activity ≥3 times weekly at home and at sea (NS) -Increment in Physical activity <1 weekly or never at home (NS) -Reduction in Physical activity <1 weekly or never at sea (NS) -Reduction in overeating at home and at sea (NS) -Reduction in sugar intake at home and at sea (S) -Reduction in Metabolic syndrome (S) -Increase in physical fitness scores (S) | 5 of 9 |
William [13], 2010, USA | QE | Navy members | NP | 142 | Officer 41.1 Sailor 29.5 | Navy | Web-enhanced behavioral self-management program for stress | Questionnaire | Perceived stress levels | ----- | Reduction in perceived stress levels (S) | 4 of 9 |
Duplessis [18], 2005, USA | RCT | Sailor | 76 days | 51 | 28 | Submarine | Vitamin D supplementation | Medical examination | -Calcium -Phosphate -25(OH)2 D -1,25(OH)2 D -Alkaline Phosphatase -Osteocalcin | •Control •Trial | -No change in calcium -Increment in phosphate (NS) -Reduction in 25(OH)2 D (S) - Increment in 1,25(OH)2 D (NS) -Reduction in alkaline Phosphatase (S) -Increment in osteocalcin (S) | 4 of 11 |
Swanson [12], 2003, USA | RCT | Sailor | 12 months | 131 | 27.1 | Navy ship | -Pharmacotherapy -Tobacco cessation group program | -Qualitative study (Self-report) | Continuous abstinence of smoking - Not smoking at 6 and 12 months - Not smoking at 6 months, but smoking at 12 months - Smoking at 6 months but not smoking at 12 months -Still smoking at 6 and 12 months | •Nicotine patch •Bupropion •Bupropion and nicotine patch •Control | -No significant differences between groups | 4 of 11 |
Saarni [11], 2001, Finland | QE | Sailors | 1 year | 392 | 42 | -Cargo ship -Passenger cruise ferry | Educational program about: -Food preparation on board -Serving of meals on board -Over-weight reduction -Increasing physical fitness -Anti-smoking, anti-drinking -Rehabilitation | Re-questionnaire and qualitative study | Behavior change in: -Physical activity -Smoking -Alcohol consumption -Preparing healthier food -Mental stress -Work satisfaction | ----- | -Increment in physical activity (NP) -Reduction in smoking (NP) -Reduction in alcohol consumption (NP) -Increment in preparing healthier food (NP) -Reduction in mental stress (NP) -Increment in work satisfaction (NP) | 3 of |
Booth-Kewley [15], 2001, USA | RCT | Marines | 1 year | 176 | •Intervention: 23.11 •Control: 23.28 | Marine Crops | STD/HIV-intervention program | Qualitative study (Telephone interview) | -Sexual behavior -Alcohol consumption | •Intervention •Control | -Increment in using condom in intervention group compared to Control (S) - Increment in discussion with partner about condom in intervention group compared to Control (NS) - Increment in discussion with partner about their sexual history in intervention group compared to Control (S) -Reduction in alcohol consumption in intervention group compared to Control (NS) | 3 of 11 |
Bennett [19], 1985, USA | NRS | Crew members | 8 weeks | 19 | •Trial: 29.33 •Control: 25.67 | Nuclear Submarine | Exercise test | -Especial medical and anthropometry measurements | -Weight -BF% -VO2 max (O2 consumption) | •Trial •Control | -Reduction in weight and BF% in both groups (NS) -No change in VO2 max in trial group -Reduction in VO2 max in control group | 5 of 9 |