Table 2 Bivariate analysis showing unadjusted odds ratio and 95% CI between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors with low vitamin D in Saudi male and female participants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| Â | Males (N = 653) | Females (N = 1064) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L (n = 580) | 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L (n = 73) | OR (95% CI) | 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L (n = 850) | 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L (n = 214) | OR (95% CI) |
Age in year categories | ||||||
 30–45 | 415 (71.6) | 45 (61.6) | 1.0 | 637 (74.9) | 144 (67.3) | 1.0 |
 46–60 | 134 (23.1) | 21 (28.8) | 0.7 ( 0.4,1.2) | 202 (23.8) | 63 (29.4) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
 61–75 | 31 (5.3) | 7 (9.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) | 11 (1.3) | 7 (3.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) |
Level of education | ||||||
 Graduate and above | 461 (79.5) | 59 (80.8) | 1.0 | 375 (44.1) | 84 (39.3) | 1.0 |
 Intermediate and below | 119 (20.5) | 14 (19.2) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 475 (55.9) | 130 (60.7) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) |
Occupation (males) | ||||||
 Doctors/engineers/etc. | 65 (11.2) | 10 (13.7) | 1.0 | 156 (18.4) | 48 (22.4) | 1.0 |
 Military (males)/housewives (females) | 73 (12.6) | 6 (8.2) | 1.9 (0.6, 5.4) | 135 (15.9) | 23 (10.7) | 1.3 (0.4, 3.5) |
 Skilled workers | 400 (69.0) | 48 (65.8) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.6) | 293 (34.5) | 85 (39.7) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) |
 Unskilled workers | 13 (2.2) | 2 (2.7) | 1.0 (0.2, 5.0) | 40 (4.7) | 4 (1.9) | 1.5 (0.5, 4.9) |
 Retired | 29 (5.0) | 7 (9.6) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.8) | 226 (26.6) | 54 (25.2) | 1.7 (0.4, 8.4) |
Monthly household income (SAR) | ||||||
 ≤ 10,000 | 371 (65.4) | 54 (75.0) | 1.0 | 323 (43.1) | 100 (52.9) | 1.0 |
 > 10,000 | 196 (34.6) | 18 (25.0) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.8) | 426 (56.9) | 89 (47.1) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
 Normal (< 25) | 129 (22.2) | 18 (24.7) | 1.0 | 161 (18.9) | 35 (16.4) | 1.0 |
 Overweight (≥ 25–29.9) | 220 (37.9) | 30 (41.1) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 272 (32.0) | 75 (35.0) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
 Obese (≥ 30.00) | 231 (39.9) | 25 (34.2) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 417 (49.1) | 104 (48.6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
Current smoker | ||||||
 No | 402 (69.3) | 49 (67.1) | 1.0 | 831 (97.8) | 211 (98.6) | 1.0 |
 Yes | 178 (30.7) | 24 (32.9) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 19 (2.2) | 3 (1.4) | 1.6 (0.5, 5.5) |
Physical activity | ||||||
 High/moderate | 62 (10.7) | 6 (8.2) | 1.0 | 403 (47.4) | 93 (43.5) | 1.0 |
 Low | 518 (89.3) | 67 (91.8) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) | 447 (52.6) | 121 (56.5) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) |
Sun exposure/week | ||||||
 Yes | 181 (31.3) | 20 (27.8) | 1.0 | 103 (12.1) | 27 (12.6) | 1.0 |
 No | 397 (68.7) | 52 (72.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 745 (87.9) | 187 (87.4) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) |
Vitamin D supplements | ||||||
 Yes | 14 (2.4) | 9 (12.3) | 1.0 | 121 (14.2) | 89 (41.6) | 1.0 |
 No | 566 (97.6) | 64 (87.7) | 5.7 (2.4, 13.6) | 729 (85.8) | 125 (58.4) | 4.3 (3.1, 6.0) |