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Table 3 Association between maternal cotinine levels at the third trimester and child behavioral problems and ADHD symptoms

From: Prenatal tobacco exposure and ADHD symptoms at pre-school age: the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health

 

Maternal cotinine (ng/ml)

Number of children

Total difficulties

Hyperactivity/inattention

Conduct problems

   

OR (95% CI)

All

 0.21 (non)

1882

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

0.22–0.51 (low passive)

531

1.11 (0.83, 1.49)

1.23 (0.89, 1.69)

1.07 (0.81, 1.43)

 

0.52–11.48 (high passive)

535

1.25 (0.93, 1.68)

1.15 (0.82, 1.60)

1.30 (0.98, 1.72)

 

11.49 (active)

268

1.67 (1.17, 2.39)*

1.49 (1.00, 2.23)+

1.07 (0.74, 1.56)

 

P for trend

 

0.004

0.051

0.208

Boys

 0.21 (non)

929

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

0.22–0.51 (low passive)

276

1.36 (0.93, 1.98)

1.45 (0.97, 2.16)+

1.18 (0.80, 1.74)

 

0.52–11.48 (high passive)

269

1.28 (0.86, 1.90)

1.43 (0.95, 2.17)+

1.45 (0.99, 2.14)

 

11.49 (active)

140

1.94 (1.22, 3.07)*

1.59 (0.97, 2.63)+

1.19 (0.73, 1.95)

 

P for trend

 

0.007

0.024

0.126

Girls

 0.21 (non)

953

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

0.22-0.51 (low passive)

255

0.82 (0.51, 1.34)

0.90 (0.51, 1.59)

0.95 (0.62, 1.47)

 

0.52-11.48 (high passive)

266

1.23 (0.79, 1.92)

0.77 (0.42, 1.40)

1.15 (0.76, 1.76)

 

11.49 (active)

121

1.36 (0.77, 2.42)

1.36 (0.69, 2.65)

0.94 (0.52, 1.67)

 

P for trend

 

0.205

0.858

0.844

  1. Adjusted for family income during pregnancy, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parity, paternal smoking status during pregnancy, and child sex (only for all)
  2. *p < 0.05
  3. +p < 0.10