Table 1 Characteristics and self-rated psychological health of the study participants
Workers (N = 2,000) | Homemakers (N = 1,000) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age in years, mean ± SD | 41.8 ± 9.6 | 41.9 ± 9.9 | 0.83 |
University education, N (%) | 698 (34.9) | 304 (30.4) | 0.01 |
Annual household income, N (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Low: < 4 million JPY | 360 (18.0) | 214 (21.4) | |
Middle: 4–7 million JPY | 793 (39.6) | 369 (36.9) | |
High: ≥ 8 million JPY | 379 (19.0) | 134 (13.4) | |
Unknown | 468 (23.4) | 283 (28.3) | |
Lifestyles | |||
Current smoker, N (%) | 329 (16.4) | 105 (10.5) | < 0.001 |
Habitual drinker (once a week or more), N (%) | 605 (30.2) | 223 (22.3) | < 0.001 |
Domestic work factors | |||
Job demand, mean ± SD [range: 3–12] | 7.5 ± 1.9 | 7.5 ± 1.9 | 0.95 |
Job control, mean ± SD [range: 3–12] | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 9.9 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
High support from a partner, N (%)a | 765 (38.2) | 295 (29.5) | < 0.001 |
High support from parents or parents-in-law, N (%)a | 402 (20.1) | 141 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
Having a young child, N (%) | 564 (28.2) | 308 (30.8) | 0.14 |
Giving care to a family member, N (%) | 96 (4.8) | 58 (5.8) | 0.24 |
Occupational factors | |||
Job demand, mean ± SD [range: 3–12] | 7.5 ± 2.1 | – | |
Job control, mean ± SD [range: 3–12] | 8.1 ± 2.2 | – | |
Support from supervisors, mean ± SD [range: 3–12] | 7.1 ± 2.4 | – | |
Support from co-workers, mean ± SD [range: 3–12] | 7.8 ± 2.4 | – | |
Working hours per week, mean ± SD | 30.7 ± 14.1 | – | |
Work–family conflicts | |||
Work-to-family conflicts, median (IQR) [range: 5–35] | 16 (10–20) | – | |
Family-to-work conflict, median (IQR) [range: 5–35] | 10 (5–16) | – | |
Self-rated psychological health on the SF-36 | |||
Mental Health score | 46.3 ± 10.1 | 46.6 ± 10.7 | 0.45 |
Vitality score | 44.8 ± 10.2 | 45.4 ± 10.5 | 0.10 |