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Table 4 ZINB regression models of associations between independent variables and children’s DMFT status (n = 2043)

From: The impact of a school-based tooth-brushing program on dental caries: a cross-sectional study

 

Zero-inflated model

Count model

Single level

Multilevel

Single level

Multilevel

ORa

95% CI

ORa

95% CI

IRRb

95% CI

IRRb

95% CI

   

Fixed effects

  

Fixed effects

Gender (female vs. male)

0.99

0.78–1.26

1.01

0.79–1.29

1.08

0.94–1.24

1.09

0.95–1.26

Lifestyle behaviors

 Do you eat breakfast on every school day? (Yes vs. No)

1.58

0.83–3.01

1.50

0.81–2.79

0.89

0.65–1.23

0.86

0.63–1.17

 Do you always eat green and yellow vegetables? (Yes vs. No)

1.22

0.95–1.55

1.23

0.96–1.57

1.09

0.94–1.25

1.09

0.95–1.25

 How often do you eat sweet snacks in a week? (≤ 2 days vs. ≥ 3 days)

0.87

0.68–1.13

0.89

0.69–1.15

0.80**

0.69–0.93

0.84*

0.72–0.97

 How often do you drink sweetened drinks in a week? (≤ 2 days vs. ≥ 3 days)

1.27

0.98–1.64

1.27

0.98–1.65

1.08

0.93–1.25

1.08

0.94–1.25

 Do you use toothpaste containing fluoride for brushing? (Yes vs. No/Not Sure)

0.99

0.77–1.26

0.94

0.73–1.21

1.03

0.89–1.19

0.98

0.85–1.13

School environment

 School has after-lunch tooth-brushing time (Yes vs. No)

1.63**

1.19–2.21

1.47*

1.00–2.15

1.28**

1.07–1.55

1.06

0.78–1.46

Community characteristics

 Percentage of single-parent families in community (%)

  Q1 (7.54–9.59)

0.91

0.57–1.47

0.94

0.54–1.63

0.51**

0.37–0.71

0.58*

0.37–0.91

  Q2 (9.94–10.99)

1.02

0.70–1.47

1.05

0.67–1.67

0.79*

0.64–0.96

0.80

0.55–1.16

  Q3 (11.00–11.78)

2.33**

1.61–3.37

2.39**

1.49–3.82

0.69*

0.54–0.87

0.77

0.52–1.14

  Q4 (11.86–16.17)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Percentage of university graduates in community (%)

  Q1 (28.21–38.48)

2.66**

1.69–4.19

2.67**

1.54–4.62

0.89

0.65–1.22

0.86

0.55–1.36

  Q2 (25.14–26.98)

0.97

0.70–1.33

0.93

0.61–1.42

0.92

0.78–1.09

0.91

0.63–1.32

  Q3 (22.70–24.13)

1.75**

1.19–2.57

1.64*

1.00–2.68

0.77*

0.61–0.98

0.75

0.49–1.14

  Q4 (12.83–21.11)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 
  1. ZINB zero-inflated negative binominal, DMFT decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth, CI confidence interval, Q quartile
  2. aOdds ratio for being an excess zero DMFT (0 or ≥ 1) of the group in interest against reference group, holding other variables constant
  3. bIncidence rate ratio for change in mean DMFT (≥ 1) of the group in interest against reference group, holding other variables constant
  4. *P < 0.05
  5. **P < 0.01
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

ISSN: 1347-4715

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