Table 3 Effects of biomass fuel use, residential factors, and mother and child characteristics on respiratory symptoms based on sequential multiple logistic regression models
Explanatory variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
UOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | |
Use of biomass fuel | ||||
Non-biomass user | ref | ref | ref | ref |
In-house biomass user | 1.27 [1.13–1.42]*** | 1.22 [1.07–1.39]*** | 1.17 [1.03–1.34]** | 1.18 [1.04–1.36]** |
Outdoor/separate house biomass user | 1.19 [1.05–1.34]*** | 1.13 [0.99–1.29] | 1.12 [0.97–1.28] | 1.13 [0.97–1.30] |
Residential factors | ||||
Area of residence | ||||
City corporation: slum | ref | ref | ref | |
City corporation: non-slum | 1.08 [0.96–1.23] | 1.09 [0.95–1.25] | 1.03 [0.90–1.19] | |
Other urban area | 1.06 [0.92–1.23] | 1.04 [0.89–1.20] | 0.97 [0.83–1.13] | |
Toilet facility | ||||
Not improved | ref | ref | ref | |
Improved | 0.84 [0.74–0.96]*** | 0.85 [0.75–0.97]** | 0.85 [0.74–0.97]** | |
Sources of water | ||||
Piped water | ref | ref | ref | |
Tube well | 1.05 [0.95–1.18] | 1.02 [0.92–1.15] | 1.02 [0.91–1.15] | |
Others | 0.82 [0.45–1.49] | 0.80 [0.43–1.47] | 0.70 [0.35–1.40] | |
Mother characteristics | ||||
Mothers education | ||||
No formal education | ref | ref | ||
Primary | 1.22 [1.04–1.41]*** | 1.21 [1.03–1.42]** | ||
Secondary and above | 1.22 [1.05–1.42]*** | 1.18 [1.00–1.38]** | ||
Age of the mother (in years) | ||||
Less than 20 | ref | ref | ||
20–29 | 0.89 [0.76–1.05] | 1.05 [0.87–1.26] | ||
30 and above | 0.83 [0.69–1.00] | 1.00 [0.79–1.25] | ||
Birth complication of mother | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1.54 [1.39–1.70]*** | 1.51 [1.36–1.67]*** | ||
Current working status of the mother | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 0.81 [0.71–0.93]*** | 0.88 [0.76–1.02] | ||
Exposure to media | ||||
No exposure | ref | ref | ||
At least one media exposed in everyday | 0.92 [0.81–1.03] | 0.90 [0.79–1.02] | ||
Exposure to NGO | ||||
Not a member of NGO | ref | ref | ||
At least one NGO member | 1.32 [1.16–1.49]*** | 1.32 [1.16–1.51]*** | ||
Place of hand washing | ||||
Not observed | ref | ref | ||
Observed | 0.86 [0.74–1.00] | 0.84 [0.72–0.99]** | ||
Child characteristics | ||||
Age of the child (in months) | ||||
0–5 | ref | |||
6–23 | 1.29 [1.10–1.52]*** | |||
24–59 | 1.05 [0.89–1.24] | |||
Birth order | ||||
1 | ref | |||
2 | 0.83 [0.73–0.94]*** | |||
3+ | 0.80 [0.68–0.94]*** | |||
Gender of children | ||||
Boy | ref | |||
Girl | 0.90 [0.82–1.00] | |||
Stunting | ||||
No | ref | |||
Yes | 1.18 [1.06–1.31]*** | |||
Goodness of fit of the models | Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (1) | Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (8) | Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (8) | Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (8) |
Test value (p value) | 0.00 (1.00) | 13.84 (0.08) | 4.71 (0.78) | 7.22 (0.51) |