Table 2 Association between respiratory symptoms of the children and use of biomass fuel, residential factors, and mother and child characteristics
Explanatory variables (n) | Respiratory symptoms | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Absent (8414) | Present (2161) | p value | |
Use of biomass fuel | |||
Non-biomass user (6402) | 80.9 | 19.1 | < 0.001 |
In-house biomass user (2235) | 77.0 | 23.0 | |
Outdoor/separate house biomass user (1938) | 78.1 | 21.9 | |
Residential factors | |||
Area of residence | |||
City corporation: slum (4802) | 79.4 | 20.6 | 0.044 |
City corporation: non-slum (2433) | 81.3 | 18.7 | |
Other urban area (3340) | 78.6 | 21.4 | |
Migration status | |||
Non-migrant (6484) | 80.1 | 19.9 | 0.080 |
Migrant (4091) | 78.7 | 21.3 | |
Toilet facility | |||
Not improved (1605) | 77.2 | 22.8 | 0.011 |
Improved (8970) | 80.0 | 20.0 | |
Sources of water | |||
Piped water (5467) | 80.6 | 19.4 | 0.020 |
Tube well (5034) | 78.4 | 21.6 | |
Others (74) | 82.4 | 17.6 | |
Floor materials | |||
Others (Earth/wood/tiles) (3069) | 79.2 | 20.8 | 0.530 |
Concrete/cement (7506) | 79.7 | 20.3 | |
Garbage disposal | |||
Not improved (5404) | 79.1 | 20.9 | 0.220 |
Improved (5171) | 80.1 | 19.9 | |
Mother characteristics | |||
Mothers education | |||
No formal education (1769) | 81.9 | 18.0 | 0.017 |
Primary (3213) | 78.6 | 21.3 | |
Secondary and above (5593) | 79.3 | 20.6 | |
Age of the mother (in years) | |||
Less than 20 (964) | 77.1 | 22.9 | < 0.001 |
20–29 (7037) | 79.4 | 20.6 | |
30 and above (2574) | 80.9 | 19.1 | |
Birth complication of mother | |||
No (7215) | 82.0 | 18.0 | < 0.001 |
Yes (3360) | 74.3 | 25.7 | |
Current working status of the mother | |||
No (8785) | 79.0 | 21.0 | 0.002 |
Yes (1790) | 82.4 | 17.6 | |
Exposure to media | |||
No exposure (2551) | 78.4 | 21.6 | 0.010 |
At least one media exposed in everyday (8024) | 79.9 | 20.1 | |
Exposure to NGO | |||
Not a member of NGO (8822) | 80.5 | 19.5 | < 0.001 |
At least one NGO member (1753) | 74.9 | 25.1 | |
Place of hand washing | |||
Not observed (1165) | 76.9 | 23.1 | < 0.001 |
Observed (9410) | 79.9 | 20.1 | |
Child characteristics | |||
Age of the child (in months) | |||
0–5 (1441) | 81.8 | 18.3 | < 0.001 |
6–23 (4687) | 77.5 | 22.6 | |
24–59 (4447) | 81.1 | 18.9 | |
Birth order | |||
1 (3639) | 77.1 | 22.9 | < 0.001 |
2 (3774) | 80.7 | 19.3 | |
3+ (3162) | 81.1 | 18.9 | |
Gender of children | |||
Boy (5290) | 78.8 | 21.3 | 0.044 |
Girl (5285) | 80.4 | 19.6 | |
Stunting | |||
No (5887) | 79.2 | 20.8 | < 0.001 |
Yes (3286) | 75.9 | 24.1 | |