Table 1 Descriptive statistics of participant’s residential factors, mother’s characteristics, and child characteristics
Exposure variables (n) | Percentages |
|---|---|
Use of biomass fuel | |
Non-biomass user (n = 6402) | 60.5 |
In-house biomass user (n = 2235) | 21.1 |
Outdoor/separate house biomass user (n = 1938) | 18.3 |
Residential factors | |
Area of residence | |
City corporation: slum (n = 4802) | 45.4 |
City corporation: non-slum (n = 2433) | 23.0 |
Other urban area (n = 3340) | 31.5 |
Migration status | |
Non-migrated (n = 6484) | 61.3 |
Migrated (n = 4091) | 38.6 |
Toilet facility | |
Not improved (n = 1605) | 15.1 |
Improved (n = 8970) | 84.8 |
Sources of water | |
Piped water (n = 5467) | 51.7 |
Tube well (n = 5034) | 47.6 |
Others (n = 74) | 0.7 |
Floor materials | |
Others (Earth/wood/tiles) (n = 3069) | 29.0 |
Concrete/cement (n = 7506) | 70.9 |
Garbage disposal | |
Not improved (n = 5404) | 51.1 |
Improved (n = 5171) | 48.9 |
Mother characteristics | |
Mothers education | |
No formal education (n = 1769) | 16.7 |
Primary (n = 3213) | 30.3 |
Secondary and above (n = 5593) | 52.8 |
Age of the mother (in years) | |
Less than 19 (n = 964) | 9.1 |
20–29 (n = 7037) | 66.5 |
30 and above (n = 2574) | 24.3 |
Birth complication of mother | |
No (n = 7215) | 68.2 |
Yes (n = 3360) | 31.7 |
Current working status of the mother | |
No (n = 8785) | 83.0 |
Yes (n = 1790) | 16.9 |
Exposure to media | |
No exposure (n = 2551) | 24.1 |
At least one media exposed in everyday (n = 8024) | 75.8 |
Exposure to NGO | |
Not a member of NGO (n = 8822) | 83.4 |
At least one NGO member (n = 1753) | 16.5 |
Place of hand washing | |
Not observed (n = 1165) | 11.0 |
Observed (n = 9410) | 88.9 |
Child characteristics | |
Age of the child (in months) | |
0–5 (n = 1441) | 13.6 |
6–23 (n = 4687) | 44.3 |
24–59 (n = 4447) | 42.0 |
Birth order | |
1 (n = 3639) | 34.3 |
2 (n = 3774) | 35.6 |
3+ (n = 3162) | 29.9 |
Gender of the children | |
Boy (n = 5290) | 50.0 |
Girl (n = 5285) | 49.9 |
Stunting | |
No (n = 5887) | 55.6 |
Yes (n = 3286) | 31.0 |