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Table 1 Baseline characteristics by the incident of IADL decline during 5 years

From: The interaction effect between physical and cultural leisure activities on the subsequent decline of instrumental ADL: the Fujiwara-kyo study

 

Intact IADL

IADL decline

P value

n = 2905

n = 336

Age, mean (SD)

71.7 (4.7)

75.7 (6.0)

< 0.001

Men, n (%)

1343 (46.2)

194 (57.7)

< 0.001

Obesity (BMI > 25), n (%)

631 (21.8)

67 (20.0)

0.45

Lean (BMI < 18.5), n (%)

169 (5.8)

38 (11.3)

< 0.001

Never smoker, n (%)

1786 (61.6)

169 (50.4)

< 0.001

Non-drinker, n (%)

1801 (62.8)

204 (61.4)

0.63

Comorbidity, n (%)

   

 Cancer

265 (9.1)

51 (15.2)

< 0.001

 Stroke

142 (4.9)

21 (6.3)

0.28

 Myocardial infarction

68 (2.3)

8 (2.4)

0.97

 Diabetes

286 (9.9)

44 (13.1)

0.06

 Hypertension

1104 (38.1)

148 (44.0)

0.034

Cognitive impairment, n (%)*

80 (2.8)

33 (9.9)

< 0.001

Depressive symptoms, n (%)

362 (12.8)

63 (19.0)

0.002

Education (≥ 16 years), n (%)

2146 (74.4)

220 (66.3)

0.001

Social participation, n (%)

2435 (84.8)

283 (85.5)

0.74

Living alone, n (%)

41 (1.4)

2 (0.6)

0.22

Physical leisure activity, n (%)

1732 (59.6)

160 (47.6)

< 0.001

Cultural leisure activity, n (%)

1506 (51.8)

140 (41.7)

< 0.001

Both leisure activity, n (%)

991 (34.1)

69 (20.5)

< 0.001

  1. BMI body mass index (kg/m2), IADL instrumental activities of daily living, SD standard deviation
  2. *MMSE (mini-mental scale examination ≤ 23)
  3. GDS-15 (geriatric depression scale ≥ 6)
  4. Social participation other than leisure activities
  5. Participation to both physical leisure activity and cultural leisure activity