Fig. 2

Risk ratios for functional decline by types of leisure activity. IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; IA, intellectual activity; SR, social role. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals of the risk ratio. *Adjusted for baseline functional capacity and potential confounders such as age, gender, body mass index, smoking habit, ethanol intake, history of cancer cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, living alone, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and participation to social activity. The relative risk for SR decline was adjusted for all confounders except for participation in social activity. ^†P values for interaction were based on the multivariable model which consist of the dependent variable (incidence of functional decline) and independent variables simultaneously including leisure physical activity, cultural leisure activity, interaction term, all confounding variables, and the number of leisure activity (< 2 vs. ≥ 2)