Health risk assessments of arsenic and toxic heavy metal exposure in drinking water in northeast Iran

Table 1 Characteristics of sampling stations and statistics of heavy metal concentrations (μg L⁻¹)

Sites	Stations	Latitude	Longitude	As	Hg	Pb	Cr	Ni
North	1	4029710	727406	0.15	ND	0.83	0.415	1.22
	2	4027701	728482	0.14	ND	0.415	0.565	0.9
	3	4025335	724454	0.12	ND	0.705	0.97	3.2
	4	4027198	721742	0.27	ND	1.065	6.03	1.225
	5	4025914	725243	0.15	ND	0.485	2.725	1.555
	6	4018132	735467	0.25	ND	0.705	3.65	1.885
	7	4018221	735984	0.20	ND	0.365	17.67	0.45
South	8	4017602	736047	0.17	ND	0.36	0.36	0.795
	9	4014001	733598	0.09	ND	0.525	0.535	0.395
	10	4014963	733130	0.20	ND	0.485	3.825	1.09
	11	4016330	740638	0.21	ND	0.385	8.245	0.185
	12	4014951	743628	0.18	ND	0.31	8.265	1.27
	13	4023448	728776	0.14	ND	0.59	6.41	1.31
	14	4024096	731871	0.18	ND	0.395	10.21	0.36
East	15	4020529	737745	0.10	ND	0.33	0.68	0.28
	16	4022731	739408	0.19	ND	0.515	11.17	0.23
	17	4023714	732412	0.12	ND	0.375	23.25	1.715
	18	4025587	735752	0.28	ND	0.625	0.47	1.815
	19	4025452	734910	0.21	ND	0.495	0.565	0.35
	20	402041	728081	0.15	ND	0.56	0.59	0.58
	21	4023401	721575	0.16	ND	0.75	4.16	0.86
West	22	4024240	723377	0.16	0.2	0.54	2.415	1.715
	23	4021934	723688	0.39	ND	1.33	6.34	13.145
	24	4023475	726604	0.18	ND	0.31	7.51	0.4
	25	4021665	730176	0.18	ND	0.625	0.315	3.05
	26	4020791	733368	0.23	ND	0.53	1.185	2.96
	27	4019883	732363	0.24	ND	0.64	4.455	1.405
	28	4017836	732942	0.20	ND	0.745	5.56	2.47
Center	29	4016239	733048	0.23	ND	0.505	4.08	1.49
	30	4019093	730563	0.20	ND	0.54	2.525	1.145
	31	4019123	734946	0.14	ND	0.56	1.59	1.515
	32	4017372	734784	0.16	0.2	0.575	7.875	0.95
	33	4019664	734467	0.13	ND	0.45	1.435	1.59
	34	4018134	734290	0.20	0.1	0.81	19.5	3.63
	35	4019632	735625	0.14	ND	0.635	0.4	1.19
Mean				0.18	0.01	0.58	4.94	1.69
Standard deviation				0.05	0.048	0.206	5.53	2.15
*Asymp sig				0.01	< 0.001	0.02	< 0.001	0.03
RfD via ingestion pathway (mg/kg/day)				0.0003	0.0003	0.0035	0.003	0.02
RfD via dermal pathway (mg/kg/day)				0.000285	0.0003	0.000525	0.000075	0.0003

*Asymptotic significant at p < 0.05 based on Kruskal–Wallis test and testing significant change on the spatial variation of arsenic and toxic elements in drinking water from 35 stations

ISSN: 1347-4715