Fig. 3

PPARα/PPRE binding activity in the livers from WT, KO, and HT mice. Data indicates the mean ± standard deviation. Each letter represents grouping, and different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05), i.e., there were significant differences between the groups A and B, A and C, A and D, A and E, B and C, B and D, B and E, C and D, C and E, and D and E. The activity was measured using a PPARα transcription factor assay kit (Cayman Chemical., Ann Arbor, USA) in hepatic nuclear fraction extracted using a CelLytic^TM NuCLEAR^TM Extraction Kit (SIGMA, Tokyo, Japan). The livers were removed from the respective 28-week-old male mice fed with a control diet and stored at − 80 °C until use. WT, wild-type mice; KO, Pparα-null mice; HT, hPPARα mice; +/+, homozygous; +/−, heterozygous. n = 6–7