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Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects

From: A comparative study of the physiological and psychological effects of forest bathing (Shinrin-yoku) on working age people with and without depressive tendencies

  All subjects (n = 155) Non-depressive tendencya (n = 97) Depressive tendencyb (n = 58) P valuec
Mean ± SD n (%) n (%) n (%)
Age 44.0 ± 9.6 155 (100) 45.0 ± 9.7 42.3 ± 9.3 0.470
Age groups
 ≤ 29 5.33 ± 3.60 (K6 score) 12 (7.7) 5 (41.7) 7 (58.3) 0.068
 30–39 3.40 ± 3.27 (K6 score) 40 (25.8) 26 (65.0) 14 (35.0)
 40–49 4.35 ± 3.28 (K6 score) 52 (33.5) 28 (53.8) 24 (46.2)
 50–59 2.76 ± 2.83 (K6 score) 51 (32.9) 38 (74.5) 13 (25.5)
Sex
 Male 3.68 ± 2.86 (K6 score) 69 (44.5) 41 (59.4) 28 (40.6) 0.507
 Female 3.64 ± 3.52 (K6 score) 86 (55.5) 56 (65.1) 30 (34.9)
Body mass index 22.3 ± 3.2 101 (100) 22.5 ± 2.9 22.0 ± 3.4 0.816
Medication
 no 3.45 ± 3.23 (K6 score) 127 (81.9) 84 (66.1) 43 (33.9) 0.056
 yesd 4.51 ± 3.17 (K6 score) 28 (18.1) 13 (46.4) 15 (53.6)
Health-related QOL
 PCS 51.2 ± 4.5 155 (100) 51.3 ± 3.8 51.1 ± 5.5 0.916
 MCS 47.9 ± 6.0 155 (100) 50.6 ± 4.7 43.2 ± 5.0 < 0.001
 K6 score 3.66 ± 3.24 155 (100) 1.56 ± 1.50 7.17 ± 2.10 < 0.001
  1. QOL quality of life, PCS physical component summary, MCS mental component summary
  2. aNon-depressive tendency: K6 ≤ 4
  3. bDepressive tendency: 5 ≤ K6 ≤ 12
  4. cChi-square test or Mann–Whitney U test (non-depressive tendency vs. depressive tendency)
  5. dMedication: hypertension (n = 6), dyslipidemia (n = 5), diabetes mellitus (n = 3), others (n = 14)